降水

There are positive correlation between total cloud and precipitation in summer and in autumn.

相关分析表明，总云和降水在夏季、秋季呈显著正相关，低云和降水在春季、夏季及秋季呈正相关；值得注意的是冬季低云和降水在祁连山的中东段呈负相关，但通不过信度检验。

According to the seepage equation of the groundwater and using the finite element method, this thesis establishes the mathematics model for two and three dimensional seepage.

采用有限元理论，以地下水渗流方程为基础，针对基坑降水建立了地下水的二维和三维渗流数学模型，完善了深基坑降水渗流计算方法。对某一假定的深基坑降水工程分别进行二维和三维渗流数值模拟。

The results show that this wide range precipitation produced under the deep warm ad vection condition and lower jet stream provided the water vapororig in for this precipitation.The meso -scale closing echo displayed in ladar echo explained that meso-scale and micro-scale system enhanced and developed un...

结果表明：此次降水是在深厚的暖平流条件下产生的大范围降水，低空急流为此次降水提供了水汽来源；而雷达回波上表现出中尺度弥合回波，说明在局地动力和热力条件下加强发展的中小尺度系统是造成此次暴雨的主要原因。

The APW in summer is less than 25 mm which is the least limit value of monsoon areas.This means that Xinjiang is not affected by monsoon.The geographic distribution of APW is adverse with that of precipitation,videlicet,higherAPW values corresponding to lower precipitation values.With the effects of westerly winds,the APW mode presents as an uniform change within Xinjiang area and has a stable distribution.It is very different from Xinjiang rainfall mode which changes a lot spatially.As mentioned above,there is no obvious change during 1961～2000,this indicates that APW is not a dominant factor determining precipitation,it is the result of dynamic condition,water vapor convergence and other causes.

APW的地理分布与实际降水量分布相反，其最大区域却为降水量最小区，受西风带影响，新疆APW模态主要表现全疆一致变化，分布稳定，与降水模态分布差异性大有显著不同，且近40年来无显著变化趋势，表明决定新疆降水差异的根本原因不在于水汽的多少，而是由降水产生的动力条件、水汽辐合和其它因素差异决定的。

In the article, we analysised the rainstorm process using conventional information, encryption data, strength ,speed and wind profile data of Doppler radar, discussed the atmospheric circulation system in the westing process of the subtropical high; revealed the different reasons caused two heavy precipitation (more than 10 mm per hour) and the possibility of small and medium-scale system existed, displayed the vertical distribution of the wind field over the stations in the rainstorm process and the close relationship between the transmission., strengthen of the level air-jet and the heavy precipitation, and then proved that the heavy precipitation was caused by the transmission and strengthen of the low-level jet.

利用常规资料，加密观测资料，多普勒雷达强度、速度和风廓线资料等对本过程进行周密细致的分析。探讨了在副热带高压西进过程中与之相配合的大气环流形势和影响系统；揭示了造成两次强降水（1小时大于10 mm以上）的不同原因和中小尺度系统存在的可能性；展示了暴雨过程中测站上空垂直风场的分布特点以及风廓线高低空急流下传和加强与强降水的密切关系，证明了强降水的产生主要由低空急流的下传和加强引起的。

That attical is to appty the regression analysis and the colleet analy- sis in the mathematics statistics method to make the first definite mea- sure analysis for recationship of physical geography factor and divis on of geographical type.

本文应用数理统计方法中的回归分析和聚类分析，对自然地理要素间关系和地理类型的划分作了初步的定量分析。在回归分析中，应用我国山地的降水资料建立了地形高度对降水影响的数学模型，得出山地降水垂直分布规律服从于线性、幂函数、指数函数和对数律。

The precipitation only has faintish negative correlations with N concentrations （p〉 0.05）, but the NH^＋ 4-N has significant positive correlations with NO^- 3-N and TON （p〈 0.05）, and they might have homologue.

结果表明，各形态氮月均浓度之间差别较大，具有明显的季节性，原因主要与人类活动、降水强度及频次、风向、地理位置以及氮氧化物自然排放有关；湿沉降的TN组成以TIN为主（51.38％-98.96％），TIN又以NH^＋ 4-N和NO^- 3-N特别是NH^＋ 4-N为主，降水天气系统的路径在很大程度上影响着降水中各形态氮的组成；降水量与各形态氮浓度均呈较弱的负相关（P〉0.05），而NH^＋ 4-N与NO^- 3-N、TON均呈显著正相关（P〈0.05），它们可能具有同源性。

With the IAP Prediction System of Short-term Climate Anomaly, two sets of seasonal and extra-seasonal ensemble hindcasts have been performed during the period of 1980～1994 in order to assess the prediction skill of the IAP PSSCA with two different schemes The difference of the two schemes is in the different version of AGCM used, with the IAP AGCM 1 1 in one scheme and the IAP AGCM 1 2 with an improved surface albedo parameterization in the other Comparisons of the hindcast results with the observations show that IAP PSSCA is capable of predicting the precipitation anomaly to some extent In the eastern China largely affected by Asian monsoon and SST anomalies, the prediction skill is relatively high, especially in the Southeastern China where the anomaly correlation coefficient can reach as high as 0 50 in the severe flood and drought years This may suggest that the possible mechanisms for these severe disasters have been well captured by the IAP PSSCA The prediction skill is higher for the modified model AGCM 1 2 as the model's climatological state is well simulated This indicates that models with reasonable land process will improve the prediction skill for short-term climate prediction

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所研制的短期气候距平数值预测系统，种版本的大气环流模式：AGCM 1.1和AGCM 1.2，分别以2月11～19日的9天大气观测值为初始场，以给定海温为边界场，对1980～1994年的15年的降水异常进行了两组集合后报试验。对试验结果进行定量评估表明：IAP PSSCA对降水异常具有一定的预测能力，特别是在中国东部受东亚季风及海温异常影响的地区，IAP PSSCA具有较高的预报技巧，其中以东南区域(包括江淮流域和华南地区)最高，尤其是对有洪涝灾害的降水异常年，距平相关系数在0.50左右，接近可供业务使用的要求，说明模式能够抓住在东亚季风区存在的某种物理机制，从而提高了这一地区的预报技巧；另外，两个大气环流模式相比，改进了地表反照率的AGCM 1.2的15年集合平均预测技巧略高于AGCM 1.1，特别是在华北地区，预测效果有明显提高，这表明改进地表反照率从而改进了模式的气候平均态的模拟，能提高气候模式的预测能力，说明较好的陆面过程引入模式对短期气候预测是有益的。

Fllowing our results, we can induce that the SIA embodies the precipitation changes adapt to the topographty and the incontinuity of the precipitation distributing. It can also improve the interpolation accuracy largely.

由本文所得结果可见，逐步插值法体现了降水随地形的变化，能表现降水在空间分布上的不连续性，也能在很大程度上提高降水空间计算的准确性。

The result shows that well developed microbiotic crust results in less invalidation precipitation than sandy soil, but sandy soil conserves 18% precipitation in deeper layer when the soil covered with microbiotic crust had been dry completely.

结果表明，结皮和流沙地表的蒸发速率随时间的变化趋势基本相同，但在不同的蒸发阶段具有各自不同的特点，总的说来，发育良好的苔藓结皮导致相对较少的无效降水，但在更长的时间维持较高的蒸发速率；流沙和初步发育的降尘结皮导致了较多的无效降水，但由于降水的入渗深度相对较深，需要更长的时间完成蒸发过程。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。