降水

Using a primitive equation model with a spheric band domain,a numerical study iscarried out of the effect on rainfall of 1991 Pacific SST anomaly in the leading region with theaffecting mechanisms investigated.

利用球圈范围的初始方程模式，就1991年太平洋主要海温异常区对降水的影响进行了数值试验，并对影响机制进行了讨论。

In a word,it is more credible to use Mg/Ca ratio as climate psychrometer which has less external influence and it is questionable to use Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios as one climate proxy because they are sensitive to many factors just like vegetation,soil microbe activity.

总体来看，石笋中Mg/Ca与Ba/Ca值的相关性很弱，可以认为分别受到降水和土壤微生物作用的影响，而Sr/Ca比值却可以与两者同时保持一定的正相关关系，表明其至少受到以上两种因素共同制约。

During the four years study on the project, we develop a dynamical forecast model that describing the subtropical ridge surface. A new theory on the role of the land-sea thermal difference on the formation of the Subtropical High is advanced. It is concluded that in the summer subtropics over each continent and its adjacent ocean LO, SE, CO, and a double-dominant heating from west to east compose a LOSECOD heating quadruplet. The influence of the Eurasia continent on SH varies according to the seasonal variation. From the ideal numerical simulation it is shown the important role of the Eaiuan continent and the huge topography on the mechanism of formation and mantanence of the SH during the summer. It is verified by the numerical simulation that the extension of the subtropical continent into the tropics greatly enhances the " East Asian monsoon". Through the Rossby energy dissipation theory it is verified that the deep latent convective heating induces the onset of the South China Sea monsoon over the Bay of Bengal. The relationship and mechanism between the precipitaiton over the East Asia and the Subtropicla high is illustrated by the data. It is also found the close phase lock between the east-west shift of the SH and the disturbence of the east wind belt over the tropical troposphere. The interaction between the structure and activity feature of the SH and the Meiyu over the Yangtze-Huaihe river valley is revealed from the data. The numerical simulation verified the impact of the different SH pattern on the path of the typhoon.

本项目的研究发展了描述副热带高压脊面变化的动力模型，提出了夏季副热带地区四叶型非绝热加热分布型及相应环流拼图的创新理论；明确了大陆尺度的海陆热力差异在副热带高压形成中的作用；指出欧亚地形对副热带高压和气候的影响随季节变化而变化，通过数值试验证明春季青藏高原的感热加热对亚洲夏季风的爆发地点起了"锚定"的作用，进一步证实了副热带高压断裂和亚洲夏季风的最早爆发地点发生在孟加拉湾东岸；利用Rossby波能量频散理论证明了孟加拉湾深对流潜热释放诱导南海季风爆发的机制；揭示了东亚季风降水的季节内变化与西太副高的关系及机理；揭示了西太副高与东西风带中扰动之间的相互作用过程，指出西太副高的东西活动与热带对流层上空东风带扰动和中纬度西风带扰动的移动和锁相密切相关；研究了夏季淮河流域梅雨期间副高结构和活动特征及其与江淮暴雨的相互作用；验证了不同副热带高压形态对台风路径的不同影响；通过数值试验证明了欧亚大陆和青藏高原等大地形对副热带高压形成和维持的重要作用。

Results show that there is little difference between water vapor content detected by ground-based GPS and that calculated from radiosonde data, and that the water vapor content fits well with the precipitation.

结果表明：GPS反演的水汽含量与探空计算得到的水汽数据具有较好的一致性，同时水汽含量值与地面降水吻合较好。

The errors and the influence degree on the precipitable water vapor results are analyzed. Comparison is conducted between retrieved and observed, as well as the radiosonde data. The findings conclude that the retrieved results are applicable.

同时对影响水汽反演的误差进行了分析，给出了各项误差对水汽结果的影响程度，并对反演结果与探空资料结果和实际降水进行了比较，得出了其间变化一致性的结论。

Analysis of Precipitation Detection Ability of Hefei Radar Based on Rain Gauge Data.

基于地面雨量计资料的合肥CINRAD雷达降水探测能力分析。

Radar rainfall estimation combined with a few rain gauges has as good result as dense rain gauge network does in runoff simulation that gives a good prospect of radar application in flood monitoring and forecasting.

2雷达联合少量雨量计估测降水用于流域径流模拟时，模拟精度和用稠密雨量计网模拟的精度接近，显示雷达在流域径流模拟和洪水监测预报中有相当高的应用价值。

The QPF results, before and after the mean-field bias adjustment using a multiplicative factor determined based on radar–rain gauge comparisons of the last hour, were compared using rain gauges.

用外推开始前1小时的雷达1小时累积降水和雨量计测值计算平均校准因子，对外推得到的雨量场进行校准后，可以明显提高外推1小时流域面雨量的精度，对外推2小时流域面雨量的精度也有所提高。

The QPF results, before and after the mean-field bias adjustment using a multiplicative factor determined based on radar–rain gauge comparisons of the last hour, were compared using rain gauges. Results show that the QPF results after the adjustment were better than the QPF results before the adjustment.

用外推开始前1小时的雷达1小时累积降水和雨量计测值计算平均校准因子，对外推得到的雨量场进行校准后，可以明显提高外推1小时流域面雨量的精度，对外推2小时流域面雨量的精度也有所提高。

Precipitation in Heilongjiang Province of China increased slightly from 1960 to 2000. Adopting the method proposed by Arthur N. Samel, we separated monsoon rainband rain and calculated the initial and final date of monsoon rainband of each year and each station.

为了分析黑龙江省夏季季风的变化规律和夏季季风与年降水之间关系的变化，采用Samel发明的方法，用逐日降雨量数据计算每一年夏季季风到达、离开、停留在黑龙江省的时间。

Singer Leona Lewis and former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page emerged as the bus transformed into a grass-covered carnival float, and the pair combined for a rendition of "Whole Lotta Love".

歌手leona刘易斯和前率领的飞艇的吉他手吉米页出现巴士转化为基层所涵盖的嘉年华花车，和一双合并为一移交&整个lotta爱&。

This is Kate, and that's Erin.

这是凯特，那个是爱朗。