降水

The formation of the acid precipitation had correlation with the quality of atmosphere, tail gas of motor vehicles and soil quality together.

结果表明，长沙市的酸雨冬、春两季较为严重，酸性降水的形成与环境空气质量、机动车尾气、土壤性质等多种因素有关。

While indirect assimilation experiment is better than that of non-assimilation one in rainfall center, the former appears positive role.2 Radar observations direct assimilation experiments: By means of ARPS-3DVar and ADAS (ARPS Data Analysis/Assimilation System), CINRAD observations are assimilated only with NCEP reanalysis data for the forecast of rainstorm. Results show that meteorological element fields are improved observably by assimilation experiments.

但同化实验对于主要降水中心的反映仍然比非同化实验好得多，对于初始场调整、模式预报仍然起到了积极作用。2雷达资料直接同化方面：以夏季暴雨为研究对象，在仅有NCEP资料的情况下，通过ARPS-3DVar和ADAS同化系统直接同化多普勒雷达资料可以对气象要素场产生显著影响和改善。

Significant improvements to the TOPMODEL were made on the distributed computation of runoff yield in the mesh scale which is equivalent to that of DEM in one hand,and an isochrones hydrograph was calibrated from rainfallrunoff observations for watershed convergence simulations on the other hand.These improvements were made to enhance the simulation ability of the TOPMODEL,meanwhile to extend the model′s adoptability in rainfallrunoff simulations to middle and large scale watersheds.

考虑到流域地形、下垫面条件及流域气象条件的空间差异性，将TOPMODEL的产流计算细化到每个栅格，以改进模型的分布式计算，并在考虑地形坡度影响的情况下，根据降水-径流资料优选出的参数率定等流时线、利用率定的等流时线进行流域的汇流计算，以提升TOPMODEL在中、大尺度流域模拟演算的能力。

Mainly to amend the simulation of water substance advection, improve the effect of precipitation in the forecast.

旨在改进GRAPES模式对水物质平流问题的模拟，提高降水的预报效果。

The main relative systems of heavy-hard rainfall in northeast plateau are Western Pacific Subtropical High, South Asia High, Low Latitude Systems, Upper Level Jet , Low Level Greater Wind Speed Axes, Westerly Trough and Plateau Trough, Low Level Vortex, Cold Frontal, Occluded Front in Qinghai Lake, Mesoscale Low Pressure, Heat Low-Pressure in Qinghai, shear line and convergence line, mesoscale cloud cluster, etc.

西太平洋副高、南亚高压、低纬系统、高空急流、低空大风速轴；西风槽和高原槽、低涡、冷锋、青海湖锢囚锋以及中尺度低压、青海热低压、切变线与辐合线、中尺度云团等系统是高原东北部地区大到暴雨的主要相关系统。100hPa上的南亚高压中心强度加强，位置东西摆动预示高原地区将有降水产生，中心强度减弱，降水过程结束。

Of the three tropical precipitation clouds in winter in Hainan the water vapor content is the highest in cumulonimbus and varies most greatly during precipitation, the second highest in cumulus congestus and the lowest in stratocumulus opacus.

在海南岛冬季三类热带降水云中，积雨云水汽含量最大，降水期间变化幅度也最大，浓积云次之，最低是蔽光层积云。

The outcomes show that a the correlation between ELNINO and precipitation of Shandong is remarkable and the influence of ELNINO or La Nina to the amount of precipitation of coastland in Shandong is much greater than that of the inland. Shandong precipitation is in a trend of reduction during the happening year of ELNINO and the precipitation is in a trend of increase during the happening year of La Nina; b whether is ELNINO or La Nina, the influence to the precipitation of Shandong is mainly concentrated in summer and autumn, almost no influence in spring and the influence to precipitation trend in winter and whole year is just contrary and; c the dry year of Shandong Province mainly happens in the continuous ELNINO years or the next year of La Nina and floods basically happens in La Nina year or the next year of La Nina.

结果表明：①厄尔尼诺与山东省降水相关性显著，无论是厄尔尼诺还是拉尼娜，它们对山东省沿海降水量的影响远大于对内陆的影响，厄尔尼诺发生的年份，山东省降水量呈减小趋势，而拉尼娜发生的年份，降水量呈增大趋势；②无论是厄尔尼诺还是拉尼娜，对山东省降水量的影响主要集中在夏季和秋季，对春季几乎没有什么影响，对冬季降水趋势的影响与全年的影响正好相反；③山东省的干旱年份主要发生在连续性厄尔尼诺年或者厄尔尼诺的次年，而洪涝基本发生在拉尼娜年或拉尼娜的次年。

With FDDA method, the precipitation echo reflectivity field gained by observation and three dimension wind field as well as other parameters obtained by retrieval are put into the usual mesoscale or smallscale numerical model, so that the inner structure of mesoscale or smallscale weather system is better researched and precipitation is estimated more exactly.

2利用四维同化方法，将单多普勒天气雷达观测得到的降水回波的反射率场以及用反演技术得到的三维风场及其它变量，加入到通用的中小尺度数值模式中，以便更好地研究中小尺度天气系统的内部结构，预测其演变，并提供更精确的降水估计。

The features of the interannual relationship between winter sea-ice extent of Davis strait and rainfall of North China and the interdecadal variability of its interannual relationship are analyzed by Using UK/GISST sea-ice data-set of Hadley , monthly 500Hpa height field of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and monthly rainfall data from 160 stations in China.

选用英国Hadley气候研究中心的UK／GISST海冰面积指数资料集、NCEP／NCAR逐月再分析资料500Hpa位势高度场资料和中国160站降水资料，分析了冬季戴维斯海峡海冰面积变化与华北夏季降水年际关系及其年代际变化。

Ross Sea region is the crucial region where its proceeding sea ice variations in September show significant relation with the following June rainfall in Northeast China. If the sea ice of this crucial region in September is in heavy ice condition, the precipitation in Northeast China in the next June tends to be deficit. Weddell Sea region is the key region for summer temperature in Northeast China.

Ross海区是影响我国夏季东北地区降水的海冰关键区，若该区上一年9月海冰偏多，则来年6月我国东北降水偏少；Weddell海区是影响我国夏季东北温度的海冰关键区，若该区上一年9月海冰偏多，则来年6月我国东北温度偏低。

Singer Leona Lewis and former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page emerged as the bus transformed into a grass-covered carnival float, and the pair combined for a rendition of "Whole Lotta Love".

歌手leona刘易斯和前率领的飞艇的吉他手吉米页出现巴士转化为基层所涵盖的嘉年华花车，和一双合并为一移交&整个lotta爱&。

This is Kate, and that's Erin.

这是凯特，那个是爱朗。