阻滞麻醉

For older patients who are cooperative, regional techniques, especially subarachnoid and epidural block, can be used effectively and safely for procedures requiring anesthesia below the T-8 dermatome.

老年人如能合作，区域麻醉特别是蛛网膜下阻滞或硬膜外麻醉，为麻醉品面在胸8皮节以下的手术操作提供麻醉是安全有效的。

Results: The aneshesia methods included general anesthesia (1 pateint), ketamine anaesthesia with midazolam premedication (16 patients), epidural anesthesia (59 patients), and brachial plexus block (13 patients).

结果：气管插管全麻1例，氯胺酮咪达唑仑静脉麻醉复合局部麻醉16例，硬膜外阻滞59例，臂丛神经阻滞13例。

Results The anesthesia range was narrowed and anesthesia duration was shortened with the prolongation of epidural catheter placement,Epidural roentgenography showed that the medium diffused normally within epidural space,biopsy of epidural tissues showed that there were inflammative cells infiltration and fiber proliferation with longer epidural catheter placement（more than 4 weeks）,without significant differences between both groups.

结果 随着硬膜外腔置管时间延长，麻醉阻滞范围变窄，麻醉阻滞时间也明显缩短，两组之间没有明显区别；硬膜外腔造影显示：造影剂在硬膜外腔扩散良好，无明显受阻；组织学检查显示：置管时间长(4周以上)的动物，硬膜外组织炎细胞浸润、纤维组织增生、硬膜增厚，而且随置管时间延长，变化加显著，但两组之间没有明显区别。

Results The anesthesia range was narrowed and anesthesia duration was shortened with the prolongation of epidural catheter placement,Epidural roentgenography showed that the medium diffused normally within epidural space,biopsy of epidural tissues showed that there were inflammative cells infiltration and fiber proliferation with longer epidural catheter placement（more than 4 weeks）,without significant differences between both groups.Conclusion Epidural corticosteroids can not prevent epidural adhesion from occurrance induced with long-term epidural catheter placement.

结果 随着硬膜外腔置管时间延长，麻醉阻滞范围变窄，麻醉阻滞时间也明显缩短，两组之间没有明显区别；硬膜外腔造影显示：造影剂在硬膜外腔扩散良好，无明显受阻；组织学检查显示：置管时间长(4周以上)的动物，硬膜外组织炎细胞浸润、纤维组织增生、硬膜增厚，而且随置管时间延长，这"种变化更"加显著，但两组之间没有明显区别。

Results The anesthesia range was narrowed and anesthesia duration was shortened with the prolongation of epidural catheter placement,Epidural roentgenography showed that the medium diffused normally within epidural space,biopsy of epidural tissues showed that there were inflammative cells infiltration and fiber proliferation with longer epidural catheter placement（more than 4 weeks）,without significant differences between both groups.Conclusion Epidural corticosteroids can not prevent epidural adhesion from occurrance induced with long-term epidural catheter placement.

结果 随着硬膜外腔置管时间延长，麻醉阻滞范围变窄，麻醉阻滞时间也明显缩短，两组之间没有明显区别；硬膜外腔造影显示：造影剂在硬膜外腔扩散良好，无明显受阻；组织学检查显示：置管时间长(4周以上)的动物，硬膜外组织炎细胞浸润、纤维组织增生、硬膜增厚，而且随置管时间延长，这&种变化更&加显著，但两组之间没有明显区别。

The intensity of sensory block of musculocutaneous, median, radial and ulnar nerves were measured and the grades for analgesia were excellent, effective and failure.

记录肌皮神经、桡神经、正中神经、尺神经阻滞的起效时间，并评价阻滞完善率；评定手术全程的麻醉效果，记录麻醉并发症。

Methods:24 cases of CABG patients in extra corporeal circulation were divided randomly into SGB group (n=12) and normal control group (n=12).The patients in SGB group received stellate ganglion block before anesthesia.

选择在体外循环下行冠脉搭桥手术患者24例，随机分为星状神经节阻滞组与对照组，每组12例，S组在麻醉前行右侧星状神经节阻滞，两组在麻醉方法和手术过程相同。

The reasons for false-positive facet blocks are multifactorial and include placebo response (18–32%) to diagnostic facet interventions, use of sedation, the liberal use of superficial LA, and the spread of injectate to paingenerating structures other than those targeted.166 Although some investigators have disputed this assertion,167,168 it is our belief that not only opioids, but sedatives such as midazolam, can lead to false-positive blocks by interfering with the interpretation of analgesic response (i.e., preventing a patient from engaging in normal activities) and virtue of their muscle relaxant properties.169 In a recent survey conducted in 500 patients receiving facet blocks or epidurals at an outpatient spine center, only 17% requested sedation.170

小关节阻滞性诊断的假阳性结果的原因是多种多样的，包括安慰剂反应(18–32%)，如利用镇静剂，浅表大量应用LA以及注射液外渗到目标外的其他疼痛发生阻滞。虽然有些学者对这种论断持怀疑态度，但是我们认为不论类罂粟碱，咪达唑仑等镇静剂，都可因具有麻醉反应（如可阻止患者从事正常活动）及肌松特点而导致假阳性率。在最近一项500人的研究中，这些门诊患者接受了小关节阻滞或硬膜外阻滞，只有17%患者需要镇静剂。

If there were no signs and symptoms of spinal anesthesia or toxic systemic effect, 12ml 3% chloroprocaine hydrochloride or 2% lidocaine were given five minutes later. The onset times of cold free and pain free, the peak block height and it\'s onset time, the recovery times of pain and motor were recorded; vital signs (including BP,HR and SpO2) at the beginning of anesthesia and 5min,10min,15min,20min ,30min later were recorded, as well as the ephedrine consumption, oxytocin consumption, Apgar scores of newborn, satisfactory degree of uterine contraction and side effects.

以第二次给药作为起始时间点，记录麻醉起效时间，痛觉消失时间，最高阻滞平面及时间，痛觉恢复时间，运动恢复时间；评价手术肌松效果；记录麻醉前，麻醉后5min，10min，15min，20min，30min的血压，心率和SpO2；术中麻黄碱用量；新生儿出生1分钟，5分钟，10分钟的Apgar评分；缩宫素用量和子宫收缩情况以及不良事件的发生情况。

In the CSEA technique anaesthetizes the effect satidfiedlly,the amountused is small,affects slightly to theblood stream dynamics,is one of old age patient first choice anaesthesia methods,especially impasses through skin puncture 125I to implant the treatment prostate gland cancer in the surgery to be advantageous fou opretion.

结果 A组麻醉起效快，麻醉效果满意，无牵拉痛，BP平稳；B组有8例（40％）患者出现麻醉阻滞不全及牵拉痛，血压下降≥30％。结论 CSEA术中麻醉效果满意，用药量小，对血流动力学影响小，是老年患者首选的麻醉方法之一，尤其在经皮穿刺植入125I治疗前列腺癌方面便于操作。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。