阶层的形成

Chapter three: The Evolution of the Political Status of London and the Formation of the Aristocracy.

第三章"伦敦政治地位的演变与官僚贵族阶层的形成"。

An examination is made of growth and development of the merchants and craftsmen in London.

考察了伦敦商人和手工业者阶层的形成和发展过程。

There are complex contracts in durable consumption goods market institution, These are special product system and distribution system .

耐用消费品市场作为一组复杂的契约关系，有其特殊的生产和分配制度结构，耐用消费品市场的发展与整个社会中等收入阶层的形成是相统一的。

The concrete arrangement is as follows: First, Beginning with the historical and political background of the emergence of the knight status. Secondly, this thesis expounded historical course of the emergence and development of the knight's power that was based on the knight status. Thirdly, this thesis expounded that along with the emergence of the knight status and the emergence and development of the knight's power, Bushido being and developed came into the knight's behavior standard. In the conclusion, the writer expounder in detail that during the different times, the Confucianism exerted varying influences on Bushido.

本文将采用史论结合、比较研究的方法，对这一过程进行分析论述，具体论述层次如下：首先，从武士阶层出现的经济背景和政治背景入手，阐述武士阶层产生和发展的历史过程；其次，阐述以武士作为其阶级基础的武家政权形成和发展的历史过程；再次，阐明随着武士阶层的出现及武家政权的形成和发展，作为武士的行为规范的武士道的形成和发展过程；最后，详细论述在不同的历史阶段中，儒家思想对日本武士道所产生的不同影响。

The concrete arrangement is as follows:First, Beginning with the historical and political background of the emergence of the knight status.Secondly, this thesis expounded historical course of the emergence and development of the knight"s power that was based on the knight status.Thirdly, this thesis expounded that along with the emergence of the knight status and the emergence and development of the knight"s power, Bushido being and developed came into the knights behavior standard.In the conclusion, the writer expounder in detail that during the different times, the Confucianism exerted varying influences on Bushido.

本文将采用史论结合、比较研究的方法，对这一过程进行分析论述，具体论述层次如下：首先，从武士阶层出现的经济背景和政治背景入手，阐述武士阶层产生和发展的历史过程；其次，阐述以武士作为其阶级基础的武家政权形成和发展的历史过程；再次，阐明随着武士阶层的出现及武家政权的形成和发展，作为武士的行为规范的武士道的形成和发展过程；最后，详细论述在不同的历史阶段中，儒家思想对日本武士道所产生的不同影响。

In western democracies, by contrast, society tends to have a more oppositional relationship with the governing elite.

与此形成对比的是，在西方，社会与统治阶层的关系往往更为对立。

Is The Intermediate Stratum Forming in China?

中国的中间阶层正在形成？

There are three views:First, the disuniting policy of city and countryside is foundational reason making duality structure of china society and economy.

文中主要提出三个论点：第一，城乡分割政策是造成中国社会和经济二元结构的基本原因；第二，中国社会结构分析研究应从城市阶层和农民阶层的基本分野入手，否则没有任何现实意义；第三，社会理论的后现代论者的道德意识弱化是他们形成看似激进，实则保守的观点的主要原因。

In existing ich-nofacies model trace-making courses with ulti-stages and ulti-tiering are not stressed. Existing ichno-tiering models are based mainly on the Mesozoic-Cenozoic data. The reported data show that tiering distributions of Chondrites are different in Palaeozoic and Mesozoic-Cenozoic.

流行的遗迹相和遗迹阶层模式的不足是：前者在操作上，简单地将遗迹化石及其组合处理为同沉积或准同沉积的物理沉积构造，忽略了造迹活动的多阶段和多阶层的特点；后者的资料基础仅依据中生代以来的地层记录，对重大生物-环境事件和造迹生物生态习性演化对遗迹阶层形成和分布的影响注重不够。

In modern days we tend to use the term plebeian to refer to the common or poor classes, but in Rome, a plebeian was just a member of the general populace of Rome (as opposed to the Patricians who were the privileged classes).

现代社会，我们往往会用平民这个词意指大众阶层或贫困阶层，但是，在罗马，平民只是罗马广大民众中的一员（与特权阶层的贵族形成对比）。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失