阶层

Females and males from manual compared with nonmanual childhood social classes were more likely to die from smoking-related cancers, stomach cancer, respiratory disease, cardioascular disease, and diabetes.

来自体力劳动阶层的女性与男性与非体力劳动童年社会阶层比较，更易死于与抽烟相关的癌症、胃癌、呼吸疾病、心血管疾病和糖尿病。

Males from manual compared with nonmanual social classes were more likely to die from unintentional injury, homicide, and alcoholic cirrhosis.

体力劳动阶层男性较非体力劳动阶层更可能死于意外伤害、凶杀和酒精性肝硬化。

This thesis introduces the conceptions of civil society and recognizing frame on contemporary China into city planning. It illustrates three great changes of Chinese classes in the history and influences on Chinese civil society by the class diversify in the transforming period. And discusses the influences on plaza space design in constructing civil society from the views of noumenalism and essentialism.

文章将中国学术界八十年代下半叶开始接触的市民社会理念及其认识当代中国的分析框架引入城市规划领域，并阐述了历史上中国阶层阶级的三次重大变动及转型时期阶层分化对中国市民社会建构的影响；从本体论和本质论两个角度探讨了市民社会之建构对广场空间设计的影响。

After reform and opening-up, the social class and stratum has taken place great changes in China, which causes the contradiction of the social stratum to outstand and bring out some new problems of theory and practice.

自党的十一届三中全会以来，我国阶级阶层状况发生了重大变化，阶层间的利益矛盾凸显，提出了许多新的理论与实践问题需要回答。

However, the empirical study shows that if hierarchical graph is overcomplex as well as too much crossing edges, then it often reduce readability and practicability of hierarchy.

然而，这类实证幽讦究显示，所呈现之阶层结构图若过铃复杂，特别是因为交错边过多，往往峰低阶层结构图之可读性与实用性。

The structure of Chinese social stratum has undergone twice enormous changes in the past fifty years. In the present stage its shape is moving from "PYRAMID" to "SLIVE".

建国至今的五十多年间，我国社会阶级阶层发生了两次结构性变化，现阶段的社会阶层结构正由金字塔形向橄榄形转变。

The reason is the unprivileged hope one day they could be the privileged and rule the others and enjoy.

原因就是非特权阶层希望有一天他们能够成为特权阶层，去统治其他人，和享受那一切。

Here, I'd like to clear two groups of people in China, the privileged and the unprivileged,or the repersented and the being represented.

在这里，我想分清中国的两群人，特权阶层和非特权阶层，或者代表者和被代表者。

He bid me observe it, and I should always find , that the calamities of life were shared among the upper and lower part of mankind; but that the middle station had the fewest disasters, and was not exposed, to so many vicissitudes as the higher or lower part of mankind; nay, they were not subjected to so many distempers and uneasiness either of body or mind, as those were who, by vicious living, luxury and extravagancies on one hand, or hard labour, want of necessaries, and mean or insufficient diet on the other hand, bring distempers upon themselves by the natural consequences of their way of living; that the middle station of life was calculated for all kind of virtues and all kinds of a middle fortune; that temperance, moderation, quietness, health, society, all agreeable diversions, and all desirable pleasures, were the blessing attending the middle station of life; that this way men went silently and smoothly through the world, and comfortably out of it, not embarrassed with the labour of the hands or of the head, not sold to the life of slavery for daily bread, or harassed with perplexed circumstances, which rob the soul of peace, and the body of rest; not enraged with the passion of envy, or secret burning lust of ambition for great things; but in easy circumstances sliding gently through the world, and sensibly tasting the sweets of living, without the bitter, feeling that they are happy, and learning by every day's experience to know it more sensibly.

他嘱咐我，只要用心观察，到处都可发现：生活的灾难是由上层和下层两类人分担，而中间阶层灾难最少，不会像那两类人那样，要经历那么多的荣辱变迁，商海浮沉。中间阶层也绝不会像阔佬那样，因骄奢淫逸、挥霍无度而狂躁不安、身心俱损；也不会像穷人那样，因劳累辛苦、缺吃少穿，以及这种穷苦生活自然而然带来的种种后果而焦急不安、忧心忡忡。他说，中等生活最能保持各种美德和一切正常而适中的享受，中等人的生活经常是安定富足的。他说，和睦和富裕是中产阶层的随身伴侣。他说，和善、谦虚、宁静、健康、社交、各种正当的娱乐、各种有益的消遣，都是降临到中等人头上的福份。他们就这样默默地、但又是顺利地、当然也是舒服地走过人生的旅途，不受劳力和劳心之苦，也不必为每天的面包而卖身为奴，或被困境搞得身心疲惫；也不会因心怀嫉妒和好大喜功而野心勃勃、贪婪无度，而是在轻松的环境下平静地度过一生，有意识地品尝着生活的甜美，没有痛苦，只感到幸福，并且通过日益增多的经验，越来越有意识地去学会品尝和感受幸福。

There are three views:First, the disuniting policy of city and countryside is foundational reason making duality structure of china society and economy.

文中主要提出三个论点：第一，城乡分割政策是造成中国社会和经济二元结构的基本原因；第二，中国社会结构分析研究应从城市阶层和农民阶层的基本分野入手，否则没有任何现实意义；第三，社会理论的后现代论者的道德意识弱化是他们形成看似激进，实则保守的观点的主要原因。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失