阶层

They are also rooted in societal indifference and individual callousness—the desire among those at the top of the social ladder to maintain their wealth and status whatever the cost, as well as the despair and self-destructiveness among those at the bottom of the social ladder.

他们也是由社会冷漠和个人漠不关心引起的——在社会阶层最上层的人为保住他们财富和地位而不择手段的欲望，还有在社会阶层最下层的人的自毁倾向。

These are melancholy days; for there is always a certain amount of night even in this madness, there is suicide in this duel, and those words which are intended to be insults-- beggars, canaille, ochlocracy, populace--exhibit, alas! Rather the fault of those who reign than the fault of those who suffer; rather the fault of the privileged than the fault of the disinherited.

那是一些阴惨的日子，因为即使是在那种暴乱中，总还有一定程度的法律，在那种决斗中还有着自杀的性质；并且，不幸的是，从穷棒子、乱民、暴民、群氓这些带谩骂意味的字眼中，人们体验到的往往是统治阶层的错误而不是受苦受难者的错误；是特权阶层的错误，而不是一无所有者的错误。

Membership in the Order of the Black Eagle was limited to a small number of knights, and was divided into two classes: members of reigning houses (further divided into members of the House of Hohenzollern and members of other houses, both German and foreign) and capitular knights.

根据1701年1月18日制订、1847年修改的条例，拥有获得黑鹰勋章资格的人仅限于少数骑士，同时这些人分成两个阶层：统治阶层成员（细分为霍亨索伦王室和其它王室，包括外国王室）和骑士团成员。

He bid me observe it, and I should always find, that the Calamitles of Life were shared among the upper and lower Part of Mankind; but that the middle Station had the fewest Disasters, and was not expos'd to so many Vicisitudes as the higher or lower Part of Mankind; nay, they were not subjected to so many Distempers and Uneasiness either of Body or Mind, as those were who, by vicious Living, Luxury and Extravagancies on one Hand, or by hard Labour, Want of Necessaries, and mean or insufficient Diet on the other Hand, bring Distempers upon themselves by the natural Consequences of their Way of Living; That the middle Station of Life was calculated for, all kind of Vertues and all kinds of Enjoyments; that Peace and Plenty were the Hand-maids of a middle Fortune; that Temperance, Moderation, Quietness, Health, Society, all agreeable Diversions, and all desirable Pleasures, were the Blessings attending the middle Station of Life; that this Way Men went silently and smoothly thro' the World, and comfortably out of it, not embarass'd with the Labours of the Hands or of the Head, not sold to the Life of Slavery for daily Bread, or harrast with perplex'd Circumstances, which rob the Soul of Peace, and the Body of Rest; not enrag'd with the Passion of Envy, or secret burning Lust of Ambition for great things; but in easy Circumstances sliding gently thro' the World, and sensibly tasting the Sweets of living, without the bitter, feeling that they are happy, and learning by every Day's Experience to know it more sensibly.

他提醒我，只要用心观察，就会发现上层社会和下层社会的人都多灾多难，唯中间阶层灾祸最少。中间阶层的生活，不会像上层社会和下层社会的人那样盛衰荣辱，瞬息万变。而且，中间地位不会像阔佬那样因挥霍无度、腐化堕落而弄得身心俱病；也不会像穷人那样因终日操劳、缺吃少穿而搞得憔悴不堪。唯有中间地位的人可享尽人间的幸福和安乐。中等人常年过着安定富足的生活。适可而止，中庸克己，健康安宁，交友娱乐，以及生活中的种种乐趣，都是中等人的福份。这种生活方式，使人平静安乐，怡然自得地过完一辈子，不受劳心劳力之苦。他们既不必为每日生计劳作，或为窘境所迫，以至伤身烦神；也不会因妒火攻心，或利欲薰心而狂躁不安。中间阶层的人可以平静地度过一生，尽情地体味人生的甜美，没有任何艰难困苦；他们感到幸福，并随着时日的过去，越来越深刻地体会到这种幸福。

Different selection leads to different result. The author oppugns social class reproduction theory and proposes that there may be an alternation, which can explain the relationship between ...

目前教育与社会分层研究中关于教育与社会阶层再生产的理论存在偏颇，实际上，优势社会阶层可能不断地为劣势阶层子弟所替代，从而实现一个社会的精英流动。

In existing ich-nofacies model trace-making courses with ulti-stages and ulti-tiering are not stressed. Existing ichno-tiering models are based mainly on the Mesozoic-Cenozoic data. The reported data show that tiering distributions of Chondrites are different in Palaeozoic and Mesozoic-Cenozoic.

流行的遗迹相和遗迹阶层模式的不足是：前者在操作上，简单地将遗迹化石及其组合处理为同沉积或准同沉积的物理沉积构造，忽略了造迹活动的多阶段和多阶层的特点；后者的资料基础仅依据中生代以来的地层记录，对重大生物-环境事件和造迹生物生态习性演化对遗迹阶层形成和分布的影响注重不够。

The main content of this part consists of two sides. One is describe from a static viewpoint the distributing proportion in social vertical structure of families related in prefaces or epilogues of genealogy in Ming dynasty, the other is review from a dynamic viewpoint the relationship of different social stratifications, especially the ways and mechanism of the movement of families from lower class to upper class.

从静态的角度描述谱牒序跋所涉家族在明代垂直社会结构中的分布比例及基本秩序和从动态的角度揭示社会各阶层家族之间的互动关系，特别是低阶层家族上行到高阶层的条件和机制是本部分的重点内容。

Believed by most to be descendants of the original Indo-Aryan invaders mixed with the later Sakae and Kushans, the Jats have been amongst the oldest of the natives to Sindh.

多数贾特人相信自己是古代印度-雅利安族侵略者与后来的卡萨人和贵霜人混血的后裔，贾特人在信德属于最古老的民族，渊源等同于他们的血亲拉奇普特，而他们的兄弟完全属于刹帝利阶层，贾特人之中虽然没有拉其普特人引以自豪的刹帝利阶层，但包含众多的首陀罗和吠舍阶层，既辛勤工作的农民和战士。

In modern days we tend to use the term plebeian to refer to the common or poor classes, but in Rome, a plebeian was just a member of the general populace of Rome (as opposed to the Patricians who were the privileged classes).

现代社会，我们往往会用平民这个词意指大众阶层或贫困阶层，但是，在罗马，平民只是罗马广大民众中的一员（与特权阶层的贵族形成对比）。

An industrial worker who becomes a wealthy businessman moves upward in the class system; a landed aristocrat who loses everything in a revolution moves downward in the system.

在这个相对较为开放的社会制度里，阶层的划分是根据个人的成就而定；也因为阶级制度的开放性，个人可通过自己努力而取得所属的阶层，但也可以因某些原因而下降至另一阶层，这成就是「社会流动」。

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！