阴离子

A process for preparing alkylene glycols including reacting an alkylene oxide with water in the presence of a combination of additives and an anion exchange resin, wherein the combination of additives comprises carbon dioxide and an organic or inorganic base provided in an amount sufficient to maintain a pH of the reaction mixture between about 5.0 and 9.0, with the proviso that, when the base is bicarbonate or carbonate, then the anion exchange resin is a trimethyl benzyl ammonium anion exchange resin.

制备亚烷基二醇的方法，包括让烯化氧与水在添加剂组合和阴离子交换树脂存在下进行反应，其中添加剂组合包括二氧化碳和以足以保持反应混合物的pH值在约5.0和9.0之间的量提供的有机或无机碱，前提条件是当碱是碳酸氢盐或碳酸盐时，阴离子交换树脂是三甲基苄基铵阴离子交换树脂。

The synthesis method which is new and high efficient in anionic trash catchers made with dimethylamine and epichlorohydrin is introduced in the article.

前言阴离子垃圾是指纸机湿部存在的所有溶解的阴离子聚合物和胶体的阴离子物质的总称。

30U、P30W、P30S1 and P30S2 were isolated from PIP30, and P60U、P60W、P60S1 and P60S2 were isolated from PIP60, and P1W、P1S1 and P1S2 were isolated from PIWE1-10, and P10W、P10S1 and P10S2 were isolated from PIWE10-100, and P100U、P100W、P100S1 and P100S2 were isolated from PIWE100 using DEAE Sepharose F. F. The proliferation rates of lymphocyte in vitro of each polysaccharide fractions obtained during the isolation and purification were detected in order to observe their immune activities. The results showed that crude polysaccharides both obtained from ethanol precipitation and ultrafiltrate had the promoting effects on lymphocyte proliferation in various degrees. P30U、P30W、P30S1、P30S2、P60U、P60W、P60S2、P1S1、P1S2、P10S1、P10S2、P100U、P100W、P100S1 and P100S2 had the promoting effects on lymphocyte proliferation.

IP30经阴离子交换层析(DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow)得到分级多糖P30U、P30W、P30S1和P30S2，PIP60经阴离子交换层析得到分级多糖P60U、P60W、P60S1和P60S2，PIWE1-10经阴离子交换层析得到分级多糖P1W、P1S1和P1S2，PIWE10-100经阴离子交换层析得到分级多糖P10W、P10S1和P10S2，PIWE100经阴离子交换层析得到分级多糖P100U、P100W、P100S1和P100S2；采用体外刺激淋巴细胞增殖实验对离子柱分级分离的多糖进行活性实验表明P30U、P30W、P30S1、P30S2、P60U、P60W、P60S2、P1S1、P1S2、P10S1、P10S2、P100U、P100W、P100S1和P100S2是有活性的。P60W、P60S1、P1S1、P10S1和P100S1经凝胶柱(Sephacryl S系列材料)层析获得五个纯多糖组分P60w1、P60s1、P1SP1、P10SP1和P100SP1。

However, in the setting of an elevated serum anion gap acidosis, other anions such as acetoacetate or lactate are present, thus rendering the urinary anion gap a useless test.

但是在阴离子间隙增大的酸中毒中存在其它的阴离子，如酮酸酸中毒时的乙酸乙酯或乳酸酸中毒时的乳酸。这时检测尿阴离子间隙就没有什么意义了。

However, in the setting of an elevated serum anion gap acidosis, other anions such as acetoacetate or lactate are present, thus render ing the urinary anion gap a useless test.

但是在阴离子间隙增大的酸中毒中存在其它的阴离子，如酮酸酸中毒时的乙酸乙酯或乳酸酸中毒时的乳酸。这时检测尿阴离子间隙就没有什么意义了。

In this thesis,the AM1,MNDO,MINDO/3(mainly AM1)and INDO/S-CI semiempirical MO methods were used toinvestigate the excited-state intramolecular protontransfer reactions of salicylic acid derivatives—salicylic acid,methyl salicylate,salicylaldehyde,o-hydroxyaceto-phenone,salicylamide and 3-hydroxy-picolinamide (6 conformers and 2-3 anion species);2-(2'-hydroxy-5' methylphenyl) benzotriazole(4 conformers),2-(2' hydroxyphenyl) benzimidazole (3 conformers and 3anion species),Bis-2,5-(2-benzoxazolyl)hydroquinone(3 conformers),2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole(2conformers) and 7-azaindole dimer (2 conformers).Theinvestigations were described as follows.Geometry optimization,relative stability andhydrogen bonding energy First,for sylicylic acid derivative molecules,the AM1,MNDO and MINDO/3 methods were used toinvestigate ground-state geometry optimization,energies,relative stabilities and hydrogen-bondingenergies on the five kinds of the molecules(designing 6 conformers and 2-3 anion species).Comparing with experimental data,the optimizedgeometry,the order of stability,the hydrogen-bonding energies and the distances between O-O in O-H..O hydrogen bonds by AM1 method were in agreementwith the experimental data,however,the C-C bondlengths optimized by MNDO and MINDO/3 were longer,C-O and O-H bond lengths were shorter;for C-N bondlengths,the results opitimized by MNDO method werethe same as those by AM1 method,nevertheless the C-Nbond lengths given by MINDO/3 method were muchshorter.For some sylicylic acid derivatives(e.g.methyl salicylate,salicylamide),the order ofstabilities on the conformers given by MNDO andMINDO/3 methods were not in agreement with theexisting conformers deduced by experimental methods,and the hydrogen bonding energies calculated by MNDO.and MINDO/3 methods were smaller.Second,the studyon the other systems found that the optimizedgeometry of the proton-transfered product with INDOmethod could not be obtained,only could theoptimized geometry of reactant be obtained,and thecalculated hydrogen bonding energies were greater.Many results of calculation indicated that the studyon the excited-state intramolecular proton transferreaction system using AM1 method was suitable andreliable.

本论文用AM1、MNDO、MINDO/3（主要是AM1）和INDO/S-CI半经验分子轨道方法对水杨酸衍生物系列——水杨酸、水杨酸甲酯、水杨醛、O-羟基乙酰苯酮、水杨酰胺和3-羟基吡啶酰胺（6种异构体和2-3种阴离子）；2-（2'-羟基-5'-甲基苯基）苯并三〓唑（4种异构体）；2-（2'-羟基苯基）苯并咪唑（3种异构体和3种阴离子）；2，5-二间氮杂氧茚氢醌（3种异构体）；2-（2'-羟基苯基）间〓杂硫茚（2种异构体）和7-〓吲哚二体（2种异构体）的激发态分子内质子转移反应在以下几个方面进行了较系统的理论研究：几何构型优化和相对稳定性及氢键能首先以水杨酸衍生物系列分子为例，用AM1、MNDO和MINDO/3方法考察了5种分子（每种分子设计6种异构体和2-3种阴离子）的基态几何构型优化，能量、相对稳定性和氢键能计算，通过和实验数据进行比较，AM1方法给出的优化几何构型、稳定性次序、氢键能和O—H。。。O氢键的0—0距离与实验数据吻合最好，MNDO和MINDO/3方法优化的C-C键长偏长，C-O键和O-H键长偏短；对于C-N键长，MNDO和AM1优化结果差别不大，而MINDO/3给出了过短的C-N键长，MNDO和MINDO/3方法给出的有些水杨酸衍生物分子（如水杨酸甲酯和水杨酰胺）异构体的稳定性次序和实验上推测的可存在异构体结果不一致，MNDO和MINDO/3方法给出的氢键能偏低，对其他体系的研究发现INDO方法常常不能得到质子转移产物的优化几何构型，只能得到反应物的优化构型，并且估算的氢键能偏高，大量的计算结果表明AM1方法对本论文研究的激发态分子内质子转移反应体系是适宜和可靠的。

A chromium free conversion coating at least equivalent in corrosion protective quality to conventional chromate conversion coatings can be formed on metals, particularly cold rolled steel, by a dry-in-place aqueous acidic liquid comprising: a component of anions, each of said anions consisting of at least four fluorine atoms and at least one atom of an element selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, silicon, and boron, and, optionally, ionizable hydrogen atoms, and optionally, one or more oxygen atoms; a component of cations of elements selected from the group consisting of cobalt, magnesium, manganese, zinc, nickel, tin, zirconium, iron, and copper; the ratio of the total number of cations of this component to the total number of anions of component being at least 1:5; sufficient free acid to give the composition a pH in the range from 0.5 to 5.0; a component selected from the group consisting of phosphorus-containing inorganic oxyanions and phosphonate anions; and a component selected from the group consisting of water-soluble and water-dispersible organic polymers and polymer-forming resins and, preferably, also including a component selected from the group consisting of tungstate, molybdate, silicotungstate, and silicomolybdate anions.

通过对包含以下成分的含水酸性液体进行干燥，可以在金属上形成无铬的转换涂层，该涂层与普通铬酸盐转换涂层相比，至少在抗腐蚀质量上等效：$_一种阴离子成分，所述各个阴离子包括至少4个氟原子，至少选自钛、锆、铪、硅与硼元素中的1个原子。任选地可离解的氢原子，任选地1个或多个氧原子；$_一种选自钴、镁、锰、锌、镍、锡、锆、铁与铜元素的阳离子成分，上述成分的阳离子总数与成分内的阴离子总数之比至少为1∶5；$_足够的游离酸以使该组合物的pH值在0.5～5.0的范围内；$_一种选自含磷的无机含氧阴离子与膦酸盐阴离子的成分；$一种选自水溶性与水可分散性有机聚合物与聚合物形成的树脂的成分，优选还包括一种选自钨酸盐、钼酸盐、钨硅酸盐与钼硅酸盐阴离子的成分。

The electric conductivity of solid polyiodides increases largely as the aggrandizement of polyiodide anions"polymerization degree. The solid polyiodides have excellent sterilizing effects and the effect of tetra-n-butyl ammonium undecaiodide is the best of them, and the sterilizing effects increase as the aggrandizement of polyiodide anions" polymerization degree. The sterilizing effects of resinic polyiodides increase as the aggrandizement of polyiodide anions polymerization degree, the heptaiodide resinic polyiodide has better sterilizing effects than the triiodide and pentaiodide.

固体高聚碘系列化合物的电导率随着高聚碘阴离子聚合度的增加而增加，并且增幅较大；固体高聚碘对常见细菌均具有很好的杀灭作用，并且随着高聚碘阴离子聚合度的增加，杀菌能力也随着增强，其中正四丁基十一碘化铵杀菌剂的效果最佳；树脂高聚碘随着高聚碘阴离子聚合度的增加，杀菌能力增强，碘七树脂高聚碘的杀菌效果要明显好于碘三树脂和碘五树脂高聚碘。

POMs and deys are still maintained integrallty.AFM exhibits the films is even.The thickness of each layer is about 1.25nm. The AFM images reflect that there are some protuberances on the outer surface layer of the film, which due to the aggregates of spherical structure PMo12. Cyclic Voltammograms reflects the redox potentials of dye in multilayer shifts towards more positive values than pure dye multiplayer which may be explained by charge transfer from dye to POM. Fluorescence spectra show that polyoxometalates caused the fluorescence decay of dyes, which maybe used as fluorescence sensors.

UV-VIS说明复合膜均匀生长； IR 光谱、XPS能谱研究结果表明，紫外光照前后，膜中多酸/染料分子间没有发生显著的光化学反应，各组分的结构仍然保持；原子力显微镜显示，膜的外表面是均匀的，每一个双层厚度大约是1.25nm，膜表面的隆起，可能是多酸阴离子簇堆积所引起；循环伏安测定结果表明，由于多酸阴离子的影响，有机染料的氧化还电位发生了正的偏移，反映出复合膜中染料分子与多酸阴离子间发生了荷移相互作用，导致染料分子失去部分电子而使氧化性略强；荧光光谱研究结果表明，多酸阴离子可以有效地引发荧光染料的荧光淬灭，这为多酸在荧光传感器方面的应用提供了有价值的信息。

The binding of different halide anions to four strapped calix[4]pyrroles was studied by means of molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations methods. The results indicate that the anion binding ability of calix[4]pyrrole-type systems could be effectively tuned by modifying the length and nature of the bridging straps. In this process, it was the most stable conformation upon anion binding due to the formation of four NH\|halide hydrogen bond, simultaneity, the difference of cavity by modifying straps adapted themselves to different halide anion.

模拟结果表明，加入带状修饰链和调节链长可以增强对某种特殊卤素阴离子的识别，在这个过程中，卤素阴离子与杯[4]吡咯NH上的氢形成的多氢键使主体分子与阴离子形成稳定复合物，同时带状修饰链通过改变杯吡咯空腔大小影响主体分子与卤素阴离子的氢键相互作用，从而调节了对不同阴离子的识别能力。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。