阳离子的

The results of the present research are as follows, The correlation between physico-chemical properties of organic compounds and their competitive power was studied, and it was indicated that organic compounds preferable to form H-bonding with organic matter of sorbents have stronger competitive power; Sorption behaviors of ionizable organic compounds in different species and their competitive power were examined, and the results showed that phenols and carbonxylic acids with benzyl circle have much stronger competitive power in molecular species than in ionized species, because negative charges of anionic forms can depressed their adsorption on the surface of the sediment; in contrast, organic bases such as aniline and p-chloroaniline show weaker competitive power in molecular species than in ionized species, and this is because both species of the organic bases could adsorb strongly onto the sediment; there is a correlation between competitive power of organic pollutants in multi-solute systems and their sorption isotherm nonlinearity in single-solute systems, and organic compounds whose sorption isotherms is linear in single-solute systems hardly have competitive power in multi-solute systems; Competitive sorption effects in more than two-solutes systems was studied, and it was exhibited that mixture of two cosolutes each of which could suppress sorption of nominal solute onto the sediment had synergistically competitive sorption effect on the nominal solute; A method about incorporating sorption/desorption of organic pollutants into river water quality model was developed, and discussion about degree of sorption/desorption effect on model prediction for different organic compounds was made, which will provide theoretical basis and practical processes for setting up more accurate water quality model.

论文主要取得了以下研究成果。(1)有机化合物的吸附竞争能力与其物化性质具有相关性，易与沉积物有机质形成氢键的化合物其竞争能力也比较强；(2)可离子化有机化合物的吸附竞争能力与其存在形态有关。酚类、含苯环的羧酸类化合物，其离子态的吸附竞争能力远小于分子态，其机理为有机酸阴离子所带的负电荷抑制了表面吸附能力，主要发生分配作用；而苯胺类化合物，其离子态和分子态都表现出显著的竞争能力，而且离子态的竞争能力略强于分子态，原因在于有机碱阳离子所带的正电荷促进了其表面吸附能力；有机化合物竞争能力的强弱与其单组分吸附等温线的非线性程度具有一定的相关性，吸附等温线近似为线性的化合物没有或只具有微弱的竞争能力；(3)对目标有机化合物的吸附具有竞争效应的有机化合物混合后，将对目标有机化合物的吸附产生协同竞争效应；(4)以京杭运河为例，率先提出了将有机污染物的吸附／脱附作用及水文水力参数耦合到水质模型中的方法，并讨论了吸附／脱附作用对不同有机污染物预测模型的影响，为建立更准确的水质模型及进行更客观的风险和生态评估提供了参考依据。

The compound solution performs as pseudo-fictile fluid, and its visual viscosity is reduced when the shearing velocity increases. The higher the cationic degree of CPAM, the more apparent the rarefying behavior of the polymer-surfactant complex, but it still is pseudo-fictile fluid. In addition, such factors as the molecular weight of CPAM, temperature and PH value etc, have different effect on the properties of the mixed solution, including its visual viscosity, conductivity, rheological behavior and so on.

CPAM／SDS复合体系的表观粘度随剪切速率的增大而下降，即具有剪切变稀行为的特性，表现为拟塑性流体：CPAM的阳离子度越高，它与SDS形成复合体系剪切变稀的行为越明显，但体系的流动类型不发生变化，仍为拟塑性；随着CPAM分子量的提高，复合体系的非牛顿性增强；温度的升高将导致复合体系的粘度显著降低，非牛顿性减弱；对于SDS用量低于等电荷当量的复合体系，pH值的变化对其流变性的影响不显著。

Soils of plateau land and gully bottom were characterized by the lower pH and catalase activity but higher cation exchange capacity.

不同地形条件下土壤pH值的变化由地形条件引起的土壤过程及硝态氮在土壤中的累积引起；阳离子交换量的变化由成土过程、pH值和有机质的差异引起；土壤有机质及氮、磷养分的差异由与地形条件对应的土地利用方式引起；土壤酶活性的差异则是有机质的差异引起的。

The ion concentrations were studied in both four snow pits on Hami Miaoergou FlatTopped Glacier and one snow pit on Haxilegen Glacier No.51 of Kuitun river in eastern Tianshan Mountain, and both snow pits were retrieved in 2004. The results show that the Ca2+, NO-3 and SO2-4, particularly Ca2+, are major ions in the snow of snow pits in both ablation and accumulation area and also in the ice of snow pits in accumulation area on Hami Miaoergou FlatTopped Glacier, where the relationships among major cation concentrations in snow of snow pits can be revealed by ion concentrations in the ice of snow pits, but the correlation between ion concentrations in the snow of snow pits and elevation is not obvious, which probably can be attributed to the narrow span of elevation and sparse snow pits on glacier. However, the good correlation between ion concentrations in the ice of snow pits and elevation indicates that the elution process weakened gradually with the elevation rise and temperature decrease.

对2004年获取的天山奎屯河哈希勒根51号冰川1个雪坑和哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川4个雪坑的离子浓度特征进行了研究，结果表明：Ca2+、NO-3和SO42-是哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川雪坑雪层和积累区雪坑底部冰中的主要离子（尤其是Ca2+），其雪层中的主要阳离子关系可在底部冰中得以较好的反映，但雪层中各离子浓度与海拔的相关性不明显，可能与海拔的跨度较小和挖取的雪坑较疏有关；雪坑底部冰中的离子浓度与海拔间明显的相关性说明淋融作用随着海拔升高、气温降低而逐渐减弱。

Sythesis and application of chlorostyrene-DVB strongly acidic cation exchange resin ;2. For this study,a series of poly( p -amino styrenes) with various amounts of supported hydrogen chloride,and a series of strongly acidic cation exchange resin s with various exchange capacity were synthesized,and their catalytic property for ketalization of cyclohexanone and glycol were investigated.

通过测定固载了不同量的氯化氢的聚和不同交换量的强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化的环己酮与乙二醇的缩酮化反应缩酮的收率，研究了聚合物固体酸催化剂的疏水性对其催化缩酮化反应性能的影响；发现在一定范围内增加催化剂的疏水性，可提高缩酮化反应的收率。

Experimental results showed that the CPF improved the retention of precipitated calcium carbonate filler significantly. With 0.9% CPF (based on oven-dry pulp), the retention of PCC increased from 57.53% to 72.21%. The physical properties of paper were also slightly improved. The tensile strength and burst strength of the paper with CPF were higher than those with CPAM.

结果表明，用作麦草浆湿部添加剂的制得的阳离子纸浆纤维能显著提高沉淀碳酸钙填料的留着率，添加0.9%的CPF即可使PCC的留着率从57.53%提高到72.21%，同时能够对纸张的物理性能有所改善，添加CPF的麦草浆成纸的抗张强度和耐破强度要明显高于添加CPAM的，而不低于添加未改性加拿大漂白针叶木浆纤维的。

Within 24 hours of delivery, 16 breast milk samples from mothers of term and preterm infants were divided into aliquots. Fresh samples were immediately tested for antioxidant activity based on their ability to inhibit the oxidation of 2,29-azino-di-3- to its radical cation compared with Trolox, a strong antioxidant that is a derivative of vitamin E. The remaining aliquots were stored at –20 C or 4 C for analysis at 48 hours and at seven days.

在出生后24小时内，研究人员对足月儿及早产儿的母亲取样了16个母奶样品，并作多次的小量分装，新鲜的样品立刻作了抗氧化活力的分析，分析的根据为对2，29-azino-di-3氧化成阳离子自由基的抗性程度，对照品为维生素E的衍生物Trolox；剩下的样品则储存在-20C的冷冻温度下，或4(C的冷藏温度，并於48小时及7天后取出作再试验。

The main research work of this dissertation is as follows: Based on the chemical reaction engineering theory and the nitrobenzene electroreduction mechanism, the plate and frame electrolyzer was designed and applied to the process of electroreduction nitrobenzene to p-aminophenol. This dissertation measured the residence time distribution data of the electrolyzer by means of the pulse response method and studied the rule of flow pattern along with the current capacity change. Under different conditions ,this dissertation studied the cyclic voltammetry properties of nitrobenzene on different electrodes by means of the dynamic cyclic voltammetry method and the electrode materials applied to the NB electroreduction have been selected primarily.Baseed on the results of cyclic voltammetry tests, this dissertation used p-electrode systems to measure the steady-state- polarization curves of nitrobenzene on different electrodes in H-type diaphragm cell, and obtained each primary factor s influence rule and the exchange current density value of each electrode.And then on the basis of the conclusions of fundamental researchs upword, the effects of influence factors on the the yield of p-aminophenol and the current efficiency,such as electrode material, current density, quantity of electricity circulated, nitrobenzene concentration . sulpuric acid concentration and so on, have been studied in detail in the systems of hign temperature , strong acidity and oxygen-poorthrough a series of electrolysis experiments in this paper.After all using Pb as anode Monel metal as cathode Dupont Nafion 417 cation-exchange membrane as membrane, this dissertation obtained the optimum technological condition: reaction temperature about 85C, current density 500A m-2, sulphuric acid concentration 20%wt.

论文的主要研究工作为：运用化学反应工程理论，结合硝基苯的电还原机理，设计出用于硝基苯直接电还原合成对氨基苯酚实验的板框式电解槽，并利用脉冲响应法测定了该板框式电解槽的停留时间分布数据，研究了流型随流量变化的规律；通过动态循环伏安法研究了硝基苯在不同电极上、不同条件下的循环伏安特性，初步评选出了用于硝基苯电还原的电极材料；结合循环伏安的测定结果，在H型隔膜电解槽中采用三电极体系测定了硝基苯在不同电极上、不同条件下的稳态极化曲线，得到了各主要因素的影响规律及硝基苯在各个电极上电还原的交换电流密度数值；在基础研究结论指导下，采用板框式电解槽，在高温、强酸、贫氧系统中，进行了一系列的电解实验，分别考察了电极材料、电流密度、通电量、硝基苯浓度、硫酸浓度等因素对收率及电流效率的影响，最终选择以蒙乃尔合金电极作为阴极、铅合金为阳极、Dupont Nofion 417阳离子交换膜为隔膜，得到由硝基苯直接电还原制对氨基苯酚的最佳电解工艺条件：反应温度85℃，电流密度500A·m~(-2)，硫酸浓度20％wt。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。