防护林

These projects are: the "three norths" shelterbelts (the western area of Northeast, and the northern parts of North and Northwest China), the shelterbelts along the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the coastal shelterbelts, the plain farmland shelterbelts, the Taihang Mountains afforestation project, the anti-desertification project, the shelterbelts for comprehensive control in the Huaihe River and Taihu Lake basins, the shelterbelts for comprehensive control in the Pearl River basin, the shelterbelts for comprehensive control in the Liaohe River basin, and the shelterbelts along the middle reaches of the Yellow River.

这些工程是："三北"（东北西部、华北北部、西北地区）防护林体系工程、长江中上游防护林体系工程、沿海防护林体系工程、平原农田防护林体系工程、太行山绿化工程、防治沙漠化工程、淮河太湖流域综合治理防护林体系工程、珠江流域综合治理防护林体系工程、辽河流域综合治理防护林体系工程、黄河中游防护林体系工程。

These projects are: the ''three norths'' shelterbelts (the western area of Northeast, and the northern parts of North and Northwest China), the shelterbelts along the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the coastal shelterbelts, the plain farmland shelterbelts, the Taihang Mountains afforestation project, the anti-desertification project, the shelterbelts for comprehensive control in the Huaihe River and Taihu Lake basins, the shelterbelts for comprehensive control in the Pearl River basin, the shelterbelts for comprehensive control in the Liaohe River basin, and the shelterbelts along the middle reaches of the Yellow River.

这十大林业生态工程是："三北"(东北西部、华北北部、西北地区)防护林体系工程、长江中上游防护林体系工程、沿海防护林体系工程、平原农田防护林体系工程、太行山绿化工程、防治沙漠化工程、淮河太湖流域综合治理防护林体系工程、珠江流域综合治理防护林体系工程、辽河流域综合治理防护林体系工程、黄河中游防护林体系工程，规划造林总面积1.2亿公顷。

Pastureland shelterbelt is a special kind of protective plantation.

草牧场防护林是具有特殊作用、功能和意义的防护林林种。

The main results are: construction of Tarim desert highway shelter-forest promoted soil microbial development, and with increase of plantation time of the shelter-forest, the quantity, fatty acid diversity index of soil microbe and diversity index of bacterial DNA segment enhanced notably. As to soil microbial community structure, bacteria are dominant population with amounting for over 80% of total soil microbe, and fungi is not more than 1% of total soil microbe, but soil microbial community structure was different among three soil layers. The conclusions from study methods of conventional culture, biological marker and molecule biology were almost identical, which illuminates that construction of Tarim desert highway made soil microbial activity enhance and so promote nutrient cycle and utilization of Tarim desert highway shelter-forest land.

结果表明，塔里木沙漠公路防护林的建设促进了风沙土土壤微生物的发育，随着防护林定植年限的增加，土壤微生物数量、脂肪酸和细菌DNA片段的多样性指数明显增大；土壤微生物区系组成中，细菌是优势类群，占微生物总数80%以上，而真菌很少，不到微生物总数1%，但在不同土层间有所差异；传统培养法与现代生物标记和分子生物学方法对塔里木沙漠公路防护林地土壤微生物多样性的研究结果基本一致，说明塔里木沙漠公路防护林的建设使林地土壤生物活性有所增强，有利于林地土壤养分循环与利用。

This exerts negative influences for the sustainable development of coastal protection forest system. Many researchers focus their studies on the rational structure and function of sustainable coastal protection forest of Casuarina equisetifolia, try to reveal the contributing factors to cause low-value and low-effective forest and probe into its mechanisms.

鉴于此，木麻黄防护林可持续经营问题引起了国内外许多学者的普遍关注，开展防护林生态系统结构和功能的研究，阐明木麻黄低质、低效林的成因及其发生、发展的生理生态机制，从而为木麻黄防护林的合理经营提供科学依据，是沿海防护林工程建设的迫切任务。

Salix matsudana, Ulmus pumila, Quermus mongolica, Populus alba×P.beroliensis and Betula platyphlla are frontal 5 tree species with weight value 90.37, 90.12, 88.12, 87.55 and 86.2 respectively, were used for farmland protection forest; Acer negundo, Salix matsudana, Juniperus rigida, Fraxinus mandshurica and Ulmus pumila are frontal 5 tree species with weight value 78.14, 76.92, 75.96, 74.72 and 74.56 respectively, were used for urban protection forest; Ulmus pumila, Salix matsudana, Populus alba×P.beroliensis, Acer negundo and Larix gemelinii are frontal 5 arbor tree species with weight value 80.07, 79.07, 77.5, 72.42 and 71.67 respectively, were used for road protection forest; Salix matsudana, Populus alba×P.beroliensis, Ulmus pumila, Larixgemelinii and Betula platyphlla are frontal 5 tree species with weight value 92.37, 88.72, 86.62, 85.82 and 85.7 respectively, were used for river protection forest; Fraxinus mandshurica, Larix gemelinii, Populus alba*P.beroliensis, Ulmus pumila and Salix matsudana are frontal 5 tree species with weight value 89.61, 8.35, 87.12, 85.56 and 80.15 respectively, were used for wood forest; Cornus alba, Prunus tomentosa, Primus triloba, Syringa obalata and Sambucus williamsii are frontal 5 shrubs with weight value 82.93, 81.23, 80.85, 78.38 and 77.78 respectively, were used for landscape forest; and Acer negundo,Malus baccata, Sorbus pohuashanensis, Prunus maackii and Prunus padus are frontal 5 arbors with weight value 82, 81.52, 80.3, 79.62 and 78.9 respectively, were used for landscape forest; Prunus salicina, Prunu

根据哈尔滨地区不同林种的功能要求，给出了不同指标的期望值，通过查询系统可以得到旱柳、榆树、蒙古栎、银中杨、白桦为符合农田防护林的前五位的树种，权重值分别为90.37、90.12、88.12、87.55、86.2；糖槭、旱柳、杜松、水曲柳、榆树为符合城市防护林的前五位的树种，权重值分别为78.14、76.92、75.96、74.72、74.56；榆树、早柳、银中杨、糖槭、兴安落叶松为符合道路防护林的前五位的乔木树种，权重值分别为80.07、79.07、77.5、72.42、71.67；旱柳、银中杨、榆树、兴安落叶松、白桦为符合河岸防护林的前五位的树种，权重值分别为92.37、88.72、86.62、85.82、85.7：水曲柳、兴安落叶松、银中杨、榆树、旱柳为符合用材林的前五位的树种，权重值分别为89.61、88.35、87.12、85.56、80.15；红瑞木、毛樱桃、榆叶梅、紫丁香、接骨木为符合风景林前五位的灌木树种，权重值分别为82.93、81.23、80.85、78.38、77.78，糖槭、山丁子、花楸、山桃稠李、稠李为符合风景林前五位的乔木树种，权重值分别为82、81.52、80.3、79.62、78.9；李、杏、文冠果、山楂、野梨为符合经济林的前五位的树种，权重值分别为88.85、80.88、73.25、69.35、63.77。

It als o put for ward a seri es of meas ures and strategi es ,s uch as furt her wi dened funds rai si ng channel ,pro moted t he engi neeri ng constructi on rapi d developi ng rapi dly ,refor med t he plan manage ment mode ,enhanced t he i nvest ment standard ,set up t he i dea to protect t he for est ,coordi nated t he relati ons hi p bet ween t hi s project and ot hers ,co mbi ned wit h constructi ng har moni ous s oci ety and ne w s oci ali st countrysi de constructi on ,and coordi nated t he develop ment of sci enti c progress and project constructi on and s o on .

分析了陕西省三北防护林体系工程建设面临的问题，提出了为确保陕西省三北防护林四期工程顺利完成，应明确新时期工程建设的战略思想与建设任务；进一步拓宽筹资渠道，促进工程建设的迅速发展；改革计划管理方式，提高投资标准；树立防护林经营理念；协调好三北防护林工程与其他生态工程的关系；与构建和谐社会、社会主义新农村建设紧密结合；科技进步与工程建设协调发展等对策与措施。

These projects are: the "three norths" shelterbelts (the western area of Northeast, and the northern parts of North and Northwest China), the shelterbelts along the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the coastal shelterbelts, the plain farmland shelterbelts, the Taihang Mountains afforestation project, the anti-desertification project, the shelterbelts for comprehensive control in the Huaihe River and Taihu Lake basins, the shelterbelts for comprehensive control in the Pearl River basin, the shelterbelts for comprehensive control in the Liaohe River basin, and the shelterbelts along the middle reaches of the Yellow River.

这些工程是：&三北&（东北西部、华北北部、西北地区）防护林体系工程、长江中上游防护林体系工程、沿海防护林体系工程、平原农田防护林体系工程、太行山绿化工程、防治沙漠化工程、淮河太湖流域综合治理防护林体系工程、珠江流域综合治理防护林体系工程、辽河流域综合治理防护林体系工程、黄河中游防护林体系工程。

These projects are: the ''three norths'' shelterbelts (the western area of Northeast, and the northern parts of North and Northwest China), the shelterbelts along the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the coastal shelterbelts, the plain farmland shelterbelts, the Taihang Mountains afforestation project, the anti-desertification project, the shelterbelts for comprehensive control in the Huaihe River and Taihu Lake basins, the shelterbelts for comprehensive control in the Pearl River basin, the shelterbelts for comprehensive control in the Liaohe River basin, and the shelterbelts along the middle reaches of the Yellow River.

这十大林业生态工程是：&三北&(东北西部、华北北部、西北地区)防护林体系工程、长江中上游防护林体系工程、沿海防护林体系工程、平原农田防护林体系工程、太行山绿化工程、防治沙漠化工程、淮河太湖流域综合治理防护林体系工程、珠江流域综合治理防护林体系工程、辽河流域综合治理防护林体系工程、黄河中游防护林体系工程，规划造林总面积1.2亿公顷。

Article 8 For national focal point shelter belt, and forest for special uses, the competent forestry authority of State Council shall produce opinions and report to the State Council for approval, then promulgate it; for local key shelter forest and forest for special use, the competent forestry authority of the people's government of a province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the central authority shall produce opinions and report to the people's government at the same level for approval, then promulgate it; for other shelter forest, timber forest or special-use forest as well as economic forest or fuel forest, the competent forestry authority of people's government at county level shall demarcate according to the state's relevant regulations on forest categorization and the arrangement and organization of the People's government at the same level, and report to the people's government at the same level for approval and promulgation.

第八条 国家重点防护林和特种用途林，由国务院林业主管部门提出意见，报国务院批准公布；地方重点防护林和特种用途林，由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府林业主管部门提出意见，报本级人民政府批准公布；其他防护林、用材林、特种用途林以及经济林、薪炭林，由县级人民政府林业主管部门根据国家关于林种划分的规定和本级人民政府的部署组织划定，报本级人民政府批准公布。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。