间脑

The top of neural tube forms basic encenphalic shape,namely endbrain, interbrain, midbrain and afterbrain. The abnormal closure of neural tube will result in neural tube detects. Encephalocoele is a common congenital malformation whose mechanism was no known. NO participates in the physiologic process of brain.

胚胎脑发育的早期阶段主要是神经板隆起、弯曲、闭合形成神经管，神经管的头部从前向后依次发育形成脑的基本组织形态，即端脑、间脑、中脑、后脑，在神经管闭合过程中出现异常就会导致NTD。

In adult brain, Xvax2 was expressed in ventral region of telencephalon and diencephalon, which contains olfactory bulb, hippocampus, optic chiasma, optic tract and hypothalamus.

Xvax2在成体脑中的分布仍局限于端脑和间脑腹侧，其表达区域主要包括嗅球、端脑侧脑室腹侧的海马区域，以及视交叉、视束初始段和下丘脑边缘。

RESULTS: The most common imaging finding in NBS patients who had neural parenchymal involvement was a mesodiencephalic junction lesion with edema extending along certain long tracts in the brain stem and diencephalon in 46% of the patients.

结果：中枢神经系统实质受累的神经白塞病患者最常见的影像特点是病灶位于中脑-间脑接合处，周围水肿带延长轴向脑干、间脑延伸，约46%的患者可见此改变。

The course will start with an overview of the central and peripheral nervous systems, the development of their structure and major divisions. The major functional components of the CNS will then be reviewed individually. Topography, functional distribution of nerve cell bodies, ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord. Brainstem organization and functional components, including cranial nerve nuclei, ascending / descending pathways, amine-containing cells, structure and information flow in the cerebellar and vestibular systems. Distribution of the cranial nerves, resolution of their skeletal and branchial arch components. Functional divisions of the Diencephalon and Telencephalon. The course will then continue with how these various CNS pieces and parts work together.

这门课将会从中枢和周边神经系统构造的发展和主要的分化点来概述，中枢神经系统的主要功能将会在复习中个别地说明：神经细胞体的断层以及功能性的分布、脊髓内上升和下降神经束的特征学和功能分布；脑干组织和功能要素，包括脑神经核、上升和下降神经束走向、含胺基酸脑激素细胞的分布、小脑和内耳前庭系统的构造和资讯传导流；颅神经的分布、骨弓和腮弓的演化；间脑和终脑的功能与分类；这门课将会探讨这些不同的中枢神经系统如何一起作用。

Hepcidin mRNA was expressed in the mice brain.Total RNA was extracted from choroid plexus, cerebral cortex, diencephalon and mesencephalon, cerebellum, medulla oblongata and pons in mice. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that hepcidin mRNA was expressed in all areas of mouse brain, in choroid plexus the mRNA expression was highest, although its level is generally lower than that of liver. The PCR products were purified and verified the sequence.

小鼠脑内有hepcidin基因表达提取小鼠脑脉络丛、大脑皮层、间脑及中脑、小脑和脑桥与延髓组织总RNA进行RT-PCR表明，大脑皮层、间脑和中脑、小脑、脑桥与延髓、脉络丛均有hepcidin表达，其中以脉络丛表达较高，但与肝脏相比，表达量较低。

The most common CNS findings reported in these studies, including ours, were a preference for brain stem–diencephalic involvement and a tendency to resolve over time.

包括本研究在内的以上各研究均提示：脑干-间脑处是最常见的受累部位，且病灶会随时间推移而逐渐消散。

Themost common CNS findings reported in these studies, includingours, were a preference for brain stem diencephalic involvementand a tendency to resolve over time.

包括本研究在内的以上各研究均提示：脑干-间脑处是最常见的受累部位，且病灶会随时间推移而逐渐消散。

One view, that episodic memory and semantic memory are both dependent on the integrity of medial temporal lobe and midline diencephalic structures, predicts that amnesic patients with medial temporal lobe/diencephalic damage should be proportionately impaired in both episodic and semantic memory.

一种观点认为，情节记忆和语义记忆都依赖颞叶内部和间脑中线结构，预言颞叶内部、间脑损伤的健忘症病人的情节和语义记忆会相应比例地被削弱。

Of the 26 lesions with pontine and bulbar involvement, three had no association with other lesions (Fig 2). Twelve were associated with tegmental and superior cerebellar peduncular extension, and six showed corticospinal tract involvement in continuity with an MDJ lesion. In one patient with additional telencephalic lesions, the right side of the pons was hyperintense on long TR/TE images that did not cross the midline, suggestive of an arterial lesion (Fig 3). In two patients with pontine tegmental lesions, there was an associated middle cerebellar peduncle and deep cerebellar white matter involvement (Fig 4). Two others had associated cervical lesions.

在26处脑桥延髓区病灶中，3处病灶仅限于脑桥延髓区，其它部位无病灶（图2）；12处病灶还同时伴有背盖部和小脑上脚/结合臂处病灶；6处病灶为与中脑-间脑接合处病灶相连的皮质脊髓束受累；还有1例患者除端脑见病灶外，右侧脑桥于T2像也见高信号病灶，但未超越正中线，提示可能系动脉病变所致（图3）；2例脑桥背盖部病灶的患者同时伴有小脑中脚/小脑脑桥脚和小脑深部白质受累（图4）；还有2处脑桥延髓区病灶还同时伴有颈髓病灶。

The positive production of ER, NGF and ChAT were detected in cirguli cortex, parieta lobe, frontal lobe, piriformis cortex and nucleus amydgaloideus corticalis, hippocampus gyrus fasciolaris, subiculum, CA2 and CA3, and mainly presented in nucleus medial septal, nucleus lateral septal and nucleus of diagonal band vertical division in septal-diagonal band area.

老年大鼠和去卵巢大鼠间脑内ER、NGF和ChAT的表达强度和阳性细胞数目总趋势是显著降低，而补充外源性雌激素可以阻止其下降，表明雌激素可通过ER促进间脑中NGF和ChAT的表达，雌激素对间脑中神经元结构和功能维持是必须的，而且雌激素对间脑神经元的作用与NGF和ChAT的表达是协同和一致的。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。