问题分析法

The main factors affecting the soil-structure interface behaviors were found experimentally and theoretically, including: 1 the thickness of the interface that is five to six times the average grain size of the soil; 2 the aeolotropy of interface, which is responsible for anisotropic response of the stress-strain response of the interface; 3 two physical states, including crashing and compression of the soil near the structure surface, which govern the stress-strain response of the interface strongly; 4 two shear deformation components due to sliding and constraint of the structure surface relative to the soil respectively, which forms the deformation of the interface; 5 the volumetric strain due to dilatancy, which is found to be composed of a reversible dilatancy component and an irreversible dilatancy component. 4. A unified constitutive model of the interface, based on new elasto-plasticity damage theory, was developed. It was confirmed to be effective for the conditions considering monotonic and cyclic shearing, coupling effect of shear and volumetric strains, evolution of physical state, micro-structure aeolotropy of the soil and the resulting aeolotropy of the interface as well as the three normal boundary conditions stated above. 5. 2D and 3D finite element formulations of the present model were derived and incorporated into the FEM codes. They were applied to the evaluation of practical engineering problems with different typical interfaces between soil and structure. The new model was shown to be reasonable and effective.

确定了粗粒土与结构接触面厚度约为5～6倍的平均粒径，首次揭示了接触面的细观结构异向性以及由此所引起的宏观剪切异向性，发现了在单调和往返剪切荷载作用下土颗粒破碎和剪切压密两种物态变化机制共同支配着接触面力学性质的变化，通过细观分析证实了接触面的变形可分解为一般同时发生的土与结构交界面上的滑移变形以及结构面位移约束范围之内土体本身的剪切变形两部分，观测到接触面受剪时表现出明显的相对法向位移，并可分解为可逆性和不可逆性两个分量；(4)建立了第一个能够统一地描述单调与往返剪切特性、剪应变与体应变耦合特性、细观结构和宏观剪切异向性以及土颗粒破碎等物态变化特性的土与结构接触面弹塑性损伤本构数学模型，并采用多种法向边界条件复杂加载路径的试验成果验证了新模型的合理性和有效性；(5)提出了新模型的二、三维有限元格式并结合实际边值问题进行了应用计算分析，比较了不同接触面本构模型对计算结果的影响，证实了新模型及其有限元格式不仅能够合理地描述土与结构接触面的主要力学特性，还能够较好地反映土体与结构物在接触面处的滑移、脱开等不连续现象。

By the method in this paper, for deciding the global asymptotic stability of the equilibrium point, it is not necessary to verify whether the equilibrium point is unique and to construct Liyapunov functions.

由于非线性电路的复杂性，目前适合于该问题的方法，主要是LIYAPUNOV直接[13] 。应用LIYAPUNOV直接法分析电路的平衡点全局渐进稳定性，有两个基本的问题难以解决。

This paper introduces the working principle and blockdiagram of impulse magnet controlled discharge method that is used in the vacuity tester. The problems encountered in practice are discussed. The slight higher measuring result and incomplete discharge problem encountered in application are also analyzed. Finally, points for attention in future use are remarked.

介绍了真空度测试仪采用的脉冲磁控放电法测试原理和电路框图，并结合实际测试中遇到的问题展开讨论，分析了该仪器在使用中测试结果偏大以及放电不彻底等问题的原因，并对今后试验中需注意的事项提出了建议。

Based on the analytical and numerical method, free vibration of the cantilever beam with rotating motion is analyzed.

分析转动悬臂梁的自由振动问题，通过综合运用解析法和数值方法解决悬臂梁振型函数过于复杂的问题。

The followings on dragon boat race are researched: social basis of its produce; developmental situation; its relation with social economic development, its modernization. Some are analyzed: the produce of traditional dragon boat race and modern ones, what this race brings for various economic culture phenomenon, the relation between this sport and modern social development.

文章采用文献法、调查法等多种研究方法，对中国传统龙舟竞渡产生的社会基础、当代中国龙舟运动发展现状、当代中国龙舟运动与社会经济发展的关系、中国龙舟运动现代化等问题进行研究；分析了传统龙舟竞渡与当代龙舟现象产生，以及由中国龙舟运动所带来的种种社会经济文化现象，进一步探讨了具有民族体育代表性的龙舟运动与现代社会发展的关系。

Through investigating,screening langdscape factores which the area of research, We can evaluate highway landscape quality from 3 facets: highway own landscape, highway two sides background landscape, highway two sides human landscape and establishes evaluation system, standards, then using AHP, fuzzy mathematics, public-opinion poll methods to contrast assessment, found out issues, then take some advice and measures in order to providing recovery technology and design basis, coordinating highway and transportation with ecology landscape, planning the along the route traveling economy, Promoting the highway and the traveling, the resources, the environmental protection coordinated development.

通过对研究路域景观要素进行调查、筛选研究，拟定3个方面：即公路自身景观、公路两侧自然景观、公路两侧人文景观对公路景观进行评价、并建立公路景观评价体系，制定评价标准，利用AHP法、模糊数学法、民意测验法对公路景观进行对比评价分析，找出景观存在的问题，提出景观恢复的意见及其措施，为解决公路生态景观恢复和公路景观设计提供现实的科学依据，协调好公路交通与生态景观的关系，规划好沿线的旅游经济，促进公路与旅游、资源、坏境保护协调发展。

This paper describes the technical features, process principle and process flow of that technique, putting emphasis on the implementation procedure of hole position arrangement, measuring control, boring and hole completion, grouting sequence, pressure treatment and hole seal. It discusses key points of construction quality control, analyzes problems occurred during the construction and puts forward treatment measures.

文章介绍了袖阀管法注浆技术特点、工艺原理及工艺流程，重点从孔位布置、测量控制、开孔与成孔、注浆顺序和压力、封孔处理等方面介绍了袖阀管法注浆实施过程，论述了质量控制要点，对施工过程中出现的问题进行了分析，并提出了处理措施。

During the calculation of the early age temperature field, the early age physical and mechanical performance of concrete varies with its age, therefore in the second chapter we discuss the early age physical and mechanical performance of concrete and its development regulation with time, we emphasize elastic module and the development about the early age strength of concrete varying with time, at the same time consider the effect of shrink and creep upon the early age of concrete, in succession discuss how to confirm the physical parameter of thermodynamics of concrete.

之后讨论了混凝土的热物理参数的确定。为了能够正确合理的应用有限元方法求解早期混凝土温度场问题，第三章论述了求解温度场的有限元方法。第三章首先对热传导的微分方程作了阐述。之后确定温度场的边界条件。本章采用变分原理推导有限单元法计算温度场的公式。因此在第二小节叙述了变分原理，然后阐明了不稳定温度场的计算的三种方法，确定第四章分析中将采用向后差分法求解0#箱梁早期的温度场。

Faud various kinds of nature of form and render a service to bill of lading issue make an legal analysis, among Civil Law , CommonLaw corresponding regulation of international convention make comparative research.

第三章对提单欺诈各种形式的性质和效力问题作了法律分析，并将大陆法和英美法，国际公约里的相应规定作了比较研究。

In order to solve this problem,on the basis of analyzing the internal resistance of fuel cell and advantages of EIS method,a practical method of online measurement for fuel cell ohmic resistance ,namely alternating current variable frequency an.

为了解决这个问题，本文在对燃料电池内阻进行分析的基础上，结合电化学阻抗谱测试思想，提出了一种改进的燃料电池欧姆内阻在线测试法——交流变频调幅测量法，并基于高性能数字信号处理器设计了测试系统硬件电路和软件，得到了较好的测量效果。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。