问题分析法

The examples given have proved the advantage of the Boundary Element Method. In the analysis of the fracture mechanics using Boundary Element Method, the calculation model of one-quarter singular element has been established, and has been proved its validity.

把边界元法应用于线弹性结构断裂分析中，建立了裂尖奇异区分析的四分之一奇异元计算模型，算例表明，用四分之一奇异元分析断裂力学问题是一种有效的逼近裂尖场的数值方法。

In this thesis, I summarize the theoretical calculation method, applied scope and notice of siphonic drainage system, and point out the advantage of siphonic drainage system compared with gravitation drainage system. In the archetype experiment study of siphonic drainage tube, I adopt different tube diameter and different structural height to survey the drainage volume and press in different place. I observe various kinds of flow state, and get chief factors which influence hydraulic peculiarity of system as the tube diameter or structural height, and find out the relevance of factor to flux. I apply CFD Fluent software and adopt standard k-ε model and RNG k-ε model, then use finite volume method and second-order upwind scheme to discrete numerical model, while coupling numeration of velocity field and press is based on SIMPLE. In the numerical simulation of curved part of tube, siphonic drainage tube experiment system and multi-outlet siphonic drainage system, I make research on internal velocity and press of system in different project condition by changing the tube diameter of curved part, negative press value in tube export and improving the quantity of water gutter. This thesis first adopts a method of combining archetype experiment and numerical simulation to study the siphonic drainage system, test and verify the validity of experiment and numerical simulation, and makefurther study on system, it solves the problems of limited testing conditions, and has a logical results, it can provide a valid method for optimizing and designing the drainage tube-net system. The conclusion have referring value for study and design of siphonic drainage system.

本文首先对虹吸式排水系统理论计算方法、适用范围以及注意事项做出总结，并分析了虹吸式排水系统的优势；再对虹吸式排水管道进行原型试验研究，采用不同管径不同立管高度，对系统流量、管道压强进行量测，观察了各种工况下的流态，对其水力特性进行研究分析，找出影响水力特性的落差、管径主要因素以及与排水量的关系；进一步应用计算流体力学Fluent软件，采用标准κ-ε模型与RNGκ-ε模型，计算过程应用有限体积法和二阶迎风格式对数值模型进行离散，速度和压力的耦合采用SIMPLE算法，分别对系统弯管段、虹吸排水管道试验系统、多斗虹吸式排水系统进行数值模拟分析，通过改变管段弯头处半径、管段出口负压值、增加雨水斗数对不同工况下系统内部的速度和压力进行研究；本文首次采用结合原型试验与数值模拟相结合的方法，对虹吸式屋面雨水排水系统进行研究，试验与模拟相互验证，并进行拓展，很好地解决了虹吸式屋面雨水排水系统由于试验条件限制问题，结果正确合理，为排水管网系统设计和优化研究提供了有效的方法，对工程设计有较好的参考价值。

In this paper, the space-time finite element theory and its application technologies are studied and discussed. Furthermore the space-time finite element method is used to analyze the transient characteristics of electromagnetism equipments. The work is important to develop the numerical method for the transient electromagnetic field. The detailed work is as follow.In the basis theory of finite element method used in the transient engineering problem, the functional theory and the finite element theory are applied to studied the existence condition of a generalized variation principle, which is the basis of the space-time finite element method.

本文在完善时空有限元法的基础理论和应用技术并将该方法应用于解决电磁装置的瞬态过程分析等相关方面进行了深入的研究与探讨，该工作对于发展瞬变电磁场问题的数值计算方法具有重要的意义，为此进行了如下几方面的工作：在工程瞬变问题的有限元方法的基础理论方面，本文应用泛函理论和有限元理论，系统讨论了一般工程瞬变问题的变分定理的存在条件及对应的变分定理。

And then through analyzed the component of the pollutant in the region's groundwater, and considered the good and bad points of each assessment method, we adopted the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, and estimated the vitiation of the ground water, which result is conform with the actual degree, and has realized the of the fuzzy appraisal.

本文针对煤矿开采对地下水污染的问题，首先根据研究区域自然地理与水文地质条件分析了煤矿开采对地下水污染机理，然后通过对研究区域地下水污染物组分的分析，考虑各种评价方法的优缺点，采用模糊综合评判法，对煤炭开采对地下水的污染做出了比较合乎实际的评价，并实现了模糊评价的电算化，同时利用Matlab分析了煤矿开采对地下水污染的趋势。

In this thesis, the author combined system engineering theory and fuzzy mathematics with water-power engineering, by the research of fuzzy mathematics and risk analysis technique, the application of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and risk analysis technique in the decision of construction period and selection of different schemes is discussed. And the proposed analysis technique is validated by the application of practical engineering.

本文将系统工程理论及模糊数学理论与水利水电工程实际相结合，通过对模糊数学和风险分析技术的研究，讨论了模糊综合评判法和风险分析技术在大型水利工程工期论证和方案选择中的应用问题，并结合具体工程中的实际应用，说明该种分析技术可为同类工程借鉴和应用，具有较好的应用前景和价值。

This thesis investigates the profile extraction and shape optimization on the result of topology optimization of planar compliant mechanisms. The main context includes the following work:(1) summarizing and analyzing the recent research status, some harvest and unsolved problems;(2) analyzing the conceptual design of planar path-generating compliant mechanisms and its mathematical model and tools;(3) Modifying the method of density contour as the method of profile extraction, and developing a method to optimize the density function in the profile extraction according to the requirement of the design of compliant mechanism;(4) developing a method to abstract the compliant mechanism into a form of links and joints by using the principle of connectivity on topology;(5) developing a method of shape optimization of planar path-generating compliant mechanisms, by representing the profile of the abstracted compliant mechanism as simple curves such as straight lines and arcs, establishing the models of the size optimization of the parameters of these curves, so that the compliant mechanism has a machinable shape;(6) At last, proving the feasibleness and effectiveness of the design method by making simulation design and validating it in FEA software.

主要工作包括：(1)分析了柔顺机构拓扑优化和形状优化的研究现状，分析了目前柔顺机构的研究重点、主要成果和尚未解决的问题；(2)分析了基于SIMP的柔顺机构概念设计方法及其相关工具和模型；(3)针对柔顺机构轮廓提取的特殊要求，提出了密度等值线法的改进方案，对密度函数插值点密度值进行优化，提出优化模型和选择优化算法；(4)根据轨迹输出平面全柔顺机构自身的形状特点，提出了轨迹输出平面全柔顺机构的抽象方法，即应用拓扑学上的连通性原理将柔顺机构抽象成杆件和结点形式，并对相应的数学原理进行了证明；(5)提出了平面全柔顺机构的形状还原和尺寸优化方法，对抽象的柔顺机构进行还原，将其轮廓还原成简单曲线的连接，从而建立尺寸优化模型，对机构进行尺寸优化设计，在得到可加工的机构轮廓的同时又能对关键部位进行特别处理；(6)进行了柔顺机构的数值仿真设计，并将所得设计结果导入商用有限元软件中进行仿真实验，证明了设计方法的可行性和有效性。

On the basis of analyzing its history and existing circumstances, firstly, the strategy of pluricellular management is put forward. Secondly, the first bureau"s operation mechanism which focuses on the method of project construction and the problem that the bureau adjuster its enterprise structure and strategy and allocate resources on the basics of the existing strategic capability, facing on rapid changing environment. Thirdly, the view of enterprise"s foreign development, which is not a selection but a reality, is to be held.

在对中国路桥集团公路一局进行历史和现状分析的基础上，在第一个层面，首先提出了立足公路建设市场进行多元化的经营基本战略；在第二个层面分析了公路一局以项目施工法为核心建立向智力型施工企业发展的运行机制，解决了公路一局面对急剧变化的环境，在现有战略能力的基础上，进行组织结构调整和战略资源配置的问题；在第三个层面上分析了企业面对全球化，走出去不是一种选择，而是一种现实，提出了公路一局进行跨国经营的战略，重点论述了通过国际合作参与国际竞争，逐步走向国际市场的竞争手段。

In this paper, male sterile line of alfalfa was used to be improved with crossing, because the seed production of crossing is low. The affecting factors of seed production of male sterile line of alfalfa and its crossing progenies that are crossed with male sterile lines of alfalfa and good alfalfa that male is fertile were analyzed. The characteristics of female reproductive organs of male sterile line and its crossing progenies are analyzed in cell morphology. The genetic difference of male sterile line and its crossing progenies are analyzed in enzyme protein. The results showed: 1、Rate of podding of nature crossing and fecundity of artificial crossing of the male sterile plant BC1-2 that is the crossing progency of male sterile line of alfalfa and Medicago varia Martin.cv.'Caoyuan No.1'is higher than male sterile lines. Rate of podding of nature crossing and fecundity of artificial crossing of the male sterile plants BC1-19、BC1-21、BC1-22、BC1-23 that are the crossing progencies of male sterile line of alfalfa and Medicago sativa L.cv.

针对苜蓿雄性不育系杂交制种产量低的问题，采用杂交法对苜蓿雄性不育系进行改良，以原苜蓿雄性不育系为轮回亲本与雄性可育优良苜蓿品种杂交，分析苜蓿雄性不育系及其杂交后代种子产量的影响因素，从细胞形态学方面观察和分析杂交后代及原不育系在雌性生殖器官上的变异特点，从酶蛋白水平对杂交后代及原不育系的遗传差异进行分析，初步研究结果如下： 1、苜蓿雄性不育系与草原一号苜蓿的杂交后代不育株BC1-2，以及苜蓿雄性不育系与X′(苜蓿雄性不育系与新疆大叶苜蓿的杂种F1代)的杂交后代不育株BC1-19、BC1-21、BC1-22、BC1-23的天然杂交结荚率和人工杂交制种的结荚率和百粒重均高于原苜蓿雄性不育系。

The above problems are studied in this thesis. First, the implicit NND scheme with mix flux splitting method proposed by Zhang Hanxin that is first order accurate in time and second order in space is modified. The modified scheme keeps the characteristics of fast convergence and is second order accurate both in time and space. It can be capable of simulating the unsteacly flow. Second, the topological method founded by Zhang Hanxin is improved to study the characteristics of vortex near the singular point on its axis and the cross streamlines on the longitudinal section passing the vortex axis. On the basis of topological results, a program which visualises numerical results is made out. It can help us analyse the characteristics of vortex motion.

本文对上述问题做了研究：第一，在数值模拟方面，借助于张涵信提出的NND算法和混合通量法，我们将他建立的时间为一阶、空间为二阶精度的快速隐式算法推广为时间和空间均为二阶精度的算法，这样做保留了原格式收敛快的特点，而且能适用于真实的非定常流态的计算；第二，将张涵信的拓扑分析方法加以推广，研究了涡轴附近及破裂点邻域内流场的空间特征，并以这些拓扑分析结果为指导，研制了一套显示计算结果的软件，这一软件能很好地帮助我们分析流场的计算结果和旋涡演变的特征。

This part analyzes the problems on PRED of Henan province. On the basis of analysis .the author calculate and analyze the status of sustainable development of Henan Province by applying the method of ecological footprint.

该部分通过对河南省人口、资源、环境和经济发展问题的现状分析，运用生态足迹法对河南省可持续发展状态进行了计算、分析，通过对河南省生态足迹的计算分析，得出河南省目前处于&地方不可持续-全球可持续-欠发展&状态。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。