问题

QoS multicast routing problem is a nonlinear combinatorial optimization problem,which has been proved that the problem is NP-complete problems.

QoS组播路由问题是一个非线性的组合优化问题，已证明了该问题是NP完全问题。

Analyzed the similarity between scheme solving problem and traveling salesman problem, the scheme solving problem for conceptual design is transformed into an optimal path problem in combinatorial optimization, where the dynamic programming based solution space model and the longest path based optimization model are developed.

摘要通过分析概念设计方案求解问题与旅行商问题的相似性，将方案求解问题转化为组合优化的最优路径问题，建立了基于动态规划的解空间模型和基于最长路径的优化模型。

Although many results have been obtained, there are still a number of very interesting questions about composition operators unsolved. There is much more to be learned about the collective compactness and convergence of composition operator sequences, compactness of various product of composition operators, cyclicity, closed range and spectra of composition operators in various settings. Commutants of composition operators seem to be very difficult to characterize. Only a little is known about their reducing invariant subspaces. There has been no work on C〓 algebras generated by composition operators.

尽管已取得如此丰富的结果，但是关于复合算子仍然有大量非常有意义的问题值得研究，例如：复合算子序列的总体紧性及收敛性、复合算子的各种乘积的紧性、复合算子的闭值域问题、复合算子在各种解析函数空间上的谱的描述、换位复合算子的刻画、复合算子诱导的不变子空间问题、循环复合算子的研究、由复合算子生成的C〓-代数的研究、不同解析函数空间之间的加权复合算子及复合算子半群等等问题。

In this article, we will use this novel finite particle method to analyse several important and interesting dynamics problems in neat/insighting style, including the maximum and minimum period problem of the compound pendulum oscillation, plane impact problem and the spin and precession direction problems of the oblate and prolate satellites.

本文将透过先进的有限质点法，以极简的风格来分析几种重要而有趣的动力问题，包括复摆的最大及最小周期、刚体的角碰撞问题、薄碟型人造卫星公自转反向问题以及细长型人造卫星公自转同向问题。

This paper discusses the conditional stability for solving the inverse sideways heat conduction problem by the rapid decreasing properties of the mollification kernel function, and obtain its regularization solution and its error estimate by constructing a well-posed problem.

利用磨光核函数在无穷远处的急降性质研究了反问题的条件稳定性，构造了一个适定的问题来逼近原问题，从而获得反问题的正则化解及其误差估计。

The second improvement is to combine the fuzzy optimization model, which has its advantages with view to quantitative problems, with the decision-making method based on fuzzy congruity theory, which has its advantages with view to qualitative problems, thereby a model that is more applicable to the practical evaluation of the problems that have both quantitative indices and qualitative indices, or a so-called mixed model is established.

本研究提出了相应的改进方法：一是将基于模糊一致矩阵理论的决策分析方法推广到了多层次的情况，使之适用于多层次、多指标综合评价问题；二是将对定量指标问题具有优越性的模糊优选模型和对定性指标问题具有优越性的基于模糊一致矩阵理论的决策分析方法结合起来，构建了更适合应用于实际综合评价问题既有定量指标又有定性指标的模型，即所谓的混合型模型。

The second improvement is to combine the fuzzy optimization model, which has its advantages with view to quantitative problems, with the decision-making method based on fuzzy congruity theory, which has its advantages with view to qualitative problems, thereby a modelthat is more applicable to the practical evaluation of the problems that have both quantitative indices and qualitative indices, or a so-called mixed model is established.

本研究提出了相应的改进方法：一是将基于模糊一致矩阵理论的决策分析方法推广到了多层次的情况，使之适用于多层次、多指标综合评价问题；二是将对定量指标问题具有优越性的模糊优选模型和对定性指标问题具有优越性的基于模糊一致矩阵理论的决策分析方法结合起来，构建了更适合应用于实际综合评价问题既有定量指标又有定性指标的模型，即所谓的混合型模型。

A software construction method satisfies Modular Decomposability if it helps in the task of decomposing a software problem into a small number of less complex subproblems, connected by a simple structure, and independent enough to allow further work to proceed separately on each of them

如果一个软件构造方法能把一个软件问题分解成很多较简单的子问题，并把这些子问题用一个简单的架构连接起来，而且能够完全独立的在每一个子问题上再更进一步的分解，那么，这个方法就满足模块的分解性。

The user's utility is a function of his data throughput, thus the bandwidth resource utilization problem is modeled as a utility based constrained maximization problem, called a system problem.

通过设置站点吞吐量的对数效用函数，将带宽资源的有效利用问题建模为系统效用最大化问题；应用最优化理论将此系统问题等效为可分布式求解的用户问题，即各站点只须独立选择最大化其净效用的竞争参数，则系统整体效用也获得最大化。

An exceptional condition is a problem that divvents the continuation of the method or scope that you're in. It's important to distinguish an exceptional condition from a normal problem, in which you have enough information in the current context to somehow cope with the difficulty. With an exceptional condition, you cannot continue processing because you don't have the information necessary to deal with the problem in the current context .

异常条件是阻止你的方法正常运行的一个问题，在普通的问题当中分别出这些异常的条件是很重要的，对于普通的问题在当前的环境中你有足够的信息来应付这个难题，但是对于一个异常条件你则无法解决因为在当前的环境中你没有足够的信息来处理这个问题。

Finally, according to market conditions and market products this article paper analyzes the trends in the development of camera technology, and designs a color night vision camera.

最后根据市场情况和市面上产品的情况分析了摄像机技术的发展趋势，并设计了一款彩色夜视摄像机。

Only person height weeds and the fierce looks stone idles were there.

只有半人深的荒草和龇牙咧嘴的神像。