闭合差

Two methods to draw productive technical plane figures of cutting areas are developed in the paper:one is vector, by which surveying data are put into system and processed to calculate the area and closing error, and finally graphical file is established in vector format.

由外业测量数据的输入，经系统处理得出面积、闭合差，并最终形成矢量图形文件；其二为栅格法。

This paper put forward a method called Denudation Method to compute independent closure of GPS net.

本文提出了剥蚀法计算GPS观测网独立环闭合差，这种方法利用计算机自动确定观测网中的独立环个数，并计算所有独立环闭合差。

Adding 3-D data control to 2-D depth migration processing flow,the paper reduced mis-tie and made final interval velocity map consistent with regional geologic r...

本文在二维深度偏移处理流程中加入三维控制，减小了闭合差，并使得最终的层速度图符合区域地质规律，可用于减小钻井层位深度预测的风险。

Thisconclusion was verified with the test of goodness of fit to aim directly at a set identical triangulation data.

用一组同精度的三角形闭合差测量数据进行了拟合分布检验，证明了该结论。

At the level of single factor,a method for diagnosis of data error in plane control survey was put forward systematically.

在单因素水平上，提出了平面控制测量数据超限时，粗差的系统诊断方法，以C语言为基础，开发了相应的诊断模块，并给出算例，检验了模块的有效性，为检验导线闭合差是否超限提供了方便。

The paper also discusses how to properly determine the tolerance of the longitudinal and lateral closure for the CPⅢ network by analog calculation to realize effective inspection in detecting the gross errors of field measurement in the CPⅢ network with the method of closure, then eliminates and resurveys field measurement with gross errors to improve the precision and strengthen reliability of the CPⅢ network.

通过模拟计算，确定了CPⅢ网纵横向闭合差极限误差的建议值，并据此进行CPⅢ网外业观测数据中是否含有粗差的检核。剔除并重测含有粗差的外业观测数据，可以有效提高CPⅢ网的可靠性和精度。

And calculate polygonal inner-angle and error of closure.

进而计算多边形内角和闭合差的粗差检验方法。

The paper analyses the teaching of Engineering Survey,describes the basic concepts of error including the definitions of accident error and closure ,and finally provides examples for teaching.

主要分析了工程测量教学中误差基本概念的应用，描述了偶然误差和闭合差等概念，举出了教学中的一些例子。

Taking the close-well-net of Zhangcun Coal Mine as the example, this paper expounds the arrangement and observation of the GPS net, the calculation of the baseline vector, the detection of field data, the detection of closure error , the adjustment treatment of GPS net, and the precision analysis, etc.

以漳村矿近井网测量为例，阐述了GPS网的布设及观测、基线向量的解算和外业数据的检核、闭合差检验、GPS网平差处理及精度分析等。

Where the accuracy of construction location and distance of total station,hight measurement of total station, traverse accuracy controlled by error of closure of angle polygonometry and coordinate relative error of closure or not satisfy the requirement of construction were analysised and discussed.

主要对全站仪放样距离要求和精度、全站仪高程测量以及导线测量中方位角闭合差和坐标相对闭合差来控制导线精度能否满足施工的要求等问题进行分析和探讨，以使测量精度满足要求。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。