长期趋势

For that, he included a class of object that his subjects would have learned, by experience, have a tendency to move, but which past evolution could have had no purchase on: motorised vehicles.

为此，他收集了一系列他的受试者已经凭经验有所了解的物体。它们有移动的趋势，但在长期的进化进程中所不可能接触到的物体：汽车。

The results show that, the chloride concentrations and diffusion coefficients are both a one-humped function of elevations (can also be the time scale of seawater infiltration), they increase with the increase of elevation until they get to the peak value, and then decrease with the increase of elevation; an evident relationship is being between the surface chloride concentrations and the wave forces acted on the concrete surface, while there is no much difference among the diffusion coefficients; the diffusion coefficients get to bigger as the depth from the concrete surface increase in the influence of the capillary structures evolution and chloride concentration, but this tendency of change was alleviated with the increase of depth.

研究结果表明：氯离子侵蚀混凝土设施的竖向分布规律为氯离子浓度、扩散系数与标高之间同为单峰函数分布，先随高程变大而变大，达到峰值后，随高程变大而减小；氯离子侵蚀混凝土设施的环向分布规律为混凝土构件表面氯离子浓度、氯离子通量与波浪力之间有明显的对应关系，波浪力越大，则表面氯离子浓度和氯离子通量越高，而扩散系数在各方位角差别不明显；由于混凝土长期服役过程中内部毛细孔隙结构演化以及氯离子浓度的影响，氯离子扩散系数随混凝土深度变大而变大，但这种变化趋势随深度逐渐趋缓。

Happily, a number of falsehoods long popular in Africa are being exposed. One is that dictatorship and one-party states do better at imposing discipline to spur economic growth. Look at China, some say. A recent paper by two Oxford academics rubbishes that theory, not just in Africa. The same paper rightly lauds another good African trend, to impose term limits on leaders.

可喜的是，许多在非洲长期流行的谎言正逐步被揭露，其一就是专制或一党执政的国家能够在通过强加政策拉动经济增长方面做得更好，一些人说中国就是个例子，两位牛津大学的学者最近发表文章贬斥了这一说法，这篇文章同时公正地赞扬了非洲的另一个很好的趋势，那就是对领导人的任期加以限制。

Given that we expect a long phase in which growth is past its worst but well below trend, it is important to think more carefully about the likely sequencing of risk premia and asset returns, and whether it is the trough in growth or in the output gap (or the labour market parallels of a peak in initial jobless claims versus the peak in the unemployment rate) that matters most for different kinds of assets.

鉴于我们期望一个长期的阶段，经济增长是过去最差的，但远低于趋势，重要的是要想更仔细的可能测序的风险溢价和资产回报，以及它是否是谷底增长或在产出缺口（或劳动力市场平行的高峰，首次申请失业救济人数兑高峰期的失业率）最重要的不同种类的资产。

Indeed, we can find few exceptions to the long inflationary trend in the eighteenth century, the slight downturn in the second quarter of the nineteenth century, and the half-century upswing before the Great Depression.[12] It may be worth noting that while broad trends in grain prices are also recognizable in premodern Europe, the turning points are much less uniform from one region to another. There were the well-observed Price Revolution in the sixteenth century, the fall of prices in the seventeenth, renewed inflation in the eighteenth.

事实上，我们找到了——18世纪长期通货膨胀趋势和19世纪前半期相对低迷时期以及大萧条时期前半个世纪的高涨——一些例外，[12]可能没有注意到，虽然欧洲前现代化时期的谷物价格也是公认的，但是不同地区之间拐点则不尽相同。16世纪广为关注的价格革命，17世纪的价格下跌，18世纪的价格在此膨胀。

Based on the continuously irrigating model test of brackish water(4.7g·L-1)on the shallow thick-bedded clay parting heavy loamy soil with treatments of different amendments,such as zeolite,phospho-gypsm and so on,the effects of long term brackish water irrigation on the physical and chemical characters of soil and the effects of amendments on the soil of long term brackish water irrigation were all discussed.

结果表明，长期灌溉微咸水有恶化土壤化学性状、物理性状的趋势，土壤表层聚盐、氯钠离子比例提高、土壤初始入渗率逐年降低，短期灌溉还能破坏土壤水稳性团聚体，但施用沸石、磷石膏等适宜土壤改良剂能够起到缓解的效果。

In his view, Chekiang excess capital investment in the most favored region, the Yangtze River Delta, Shanghai is undoubtedly the most competitive, because the real estate market in Shanghai as Shanghai's economic situation, the overall development of long-term bullish trend will continue.

在他看来，浙江过剩资本投资最惠国待遇地区，长江三角洲，上海无疑是最有竞争力的，因为房地产市场在上海，上海的经济形势，全面发展的长期看涨趋势将继续下去。

Based on the temperature and precipitation data of five meteorological stations (Kushka, Almaty, Tomsk, Tula and Hantangea, from low to high latitude) at different latitudes in Central-North Asia over the 20th century, the long-term climate change characteristics, the trend significance and the abrupt change points were analyzed using the climate trend rate method, the Mann-Kendall test method and the sliding t -check method.

利用中北亚不同纬度的5个气象站（从低纬度到高纬度分别为：库什卡、阿拉木图、托木斯克、图拉、哈坦加）20世纪的气温和降水资料，采用气候倾向率法、Mann-Kendall法和移动t法对这5个站的长期气候变化特征、趋势显著性及突变点进行分析。

Based on the Arctic 1°×1° sea-ice area index,500hPa heights,sea surface pressure and the China 160 Stations temperature data,the relationship between the interdecadal variation of sea-ice in Davis Strait and the atmospheric circulation is discussed by statistical analysis methods.

利用北极1°×1°海冰面积指数、海平面气压、500hPa高度场和中国160站气温等资料，运用统计分析方法讨论了戴维斯海峡海冰的长期变化趋势、年代际变化及其与大气环流的关系。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。