镫骨

Compared with ears treated by oral stapedectomy with original stapes, ears treated by small fenestra stapedotomy and stapes mobilization or elevation, more decreased air-bone gap and lower rates of post-operative sensorineural hearing loss and dizziness at high frequencies were found.

3种术式在提高耳硬化症患者的听力方面均具有较好的疗效，其中以足板小孔开窗术疗效最佳，其次是镫骨撼动或提高术，并且在减少术后并发症方面均优于镫骨全切除术。

Results CTVE could clearly demonstrate the shape,size,and relation of the normal auditory ossicular chain.A visualization rate of malleus,incus,and incudomalleal articulation was 100%,and was 32% for the stapedial footplate.However,in only 21% could the anterior and posterior crura of stapes be distinguished.Cholesteatoma was found in 12 cases with chronic otitis media,in which CTVE demonstrated varying degrees of destruction of the auditory ossicle.In 1 case with congenital anomaly,ossicle dysplasia was seen.

结果 CTVE能清楚显示正常听骨链的形态、大小及相互关系，锤骨、砧骨及锤砧关节的显示率为100%(38/38)，镫骨底板的显示率为32%(12/38)，只有21%(8/38)可以分辨镫骨的前、后脚；18例中耳炎患者中12例胆脂瘤形成，CTVE上有不同程度的听小骨破坏。1例中耳畸形显示听骨链发育异常。

Results: Both MIP and SSD 3D images could direct display the shape, size and correlation of malleus and incus, the incus-stapedial joint was like"L-shape" structure, but it was difficult to exhibit the footplate, anterior and posterior crura of stepes.Cholesteatomas was found in 12 cases with chronic otitis media, that 3D images exhibited varying degrees of destruction of the auditory ossides, and the display ability of SSD 3D image was slightly better than that of MIP 3D image.

结果：MIP和SSD 3D重建都能直观地观察锤、砧骨的形态、大小及相互关系，砧镫关节呈"L"形，镫骨前后脚及底板显示欠佳。18例中耳炎患者中12例胆脂瘤形成，3D重建显示有不同程度的听小骨破坏，SSD 3D的显示效果略好于MIP 3D。

Type II tympanoplasty: When incus and malleus were eroded off with normal stapes, bone cortex was fixed to the head of stapes in order to make the stapes connect to the artificial tympanic membrane.

型镫骨加高术：镫骨正常，镫骨以外的听骨腐损，在镫骨头上固定骨皮质，使镫骨加高与人工鼓膜相接。

Results:① The distance between handle of malleus and stapes head was(2.38±0.19)cm(2.00～2.70cm), the point selecting for measuring was outer margin of handle of malleus and stpes head.②The cross section form of one_third of the handle of malleus at the end, was triangle, the anteroposterior diameter of handle of malleus was(0.79±0.12)mm, the exterior and interior diameter was(0.58±0.10)mm at the crook point,the angle of line of manubrium mallei laid(83.24±8.33)°(66～98°)posteroinferior to arch of zygoma.③The long axis of prosthesis formed(27.60±1.75)°(24.6～30.2°)angle with the perpendicular of stapes.④The dependablity between the malleus_stapes distance and transverse diameter of tympanum, the location of umbo in tympanic membrane, the diameter of manubrium mallei, angle of line of manubrium mallei and arch of zygoma were not statistically significant.

结果：①锤_镫距离最短为(2.38±0.19)cm(2.00～2.70cm)，测量点为锤骨柄末端1/3处外缘和镫骨头；②锤骨柄末段1/3横断面形状接近三角形，弯曲处前、后方向直径为(0.79±0.12)mm，内、外方向直径为(0.58±0.10)mm；锤骨柄与颞线的成角为(83.24±8.33)°(66～98°)；③赝复物长轴与镫骨垂直方向成角平均为(27.60±1.75)°(24.6～30.2°)；④锤_镫距离与鼓室横径、鼓脐在鼓膜上的位置、锤骨柄直径、锤骨柄的方位的可能相关因素之间相关性检验无统计学意义。

pressure or sound sensitive vertigo seemed to occur when there were abnormal communication between the inner ear and surrounding structures or the shortend distance between the footplate and saccule.

上半规管裂时内耳和周围结构之间存在异常交通，膜迷路积水和镫骨足板活动过度则可能系球囊与镫骨足板之间的距离变近，可出现对声音或压力敏感性眩晕。vemp阈值的变化可以对这类眩晕进行客观评价。

Long axis of prosthesis form less than a 30_degree angle with the perpendicular of stapes, the strength contributed to inner ear is

赝复物长轴与镫骨垂直方向成角小于30°，作用于底板传至内耳的力约为原来的0.89倍；横向作用于镫骨的力约为原来的0.46倍。

By means of micro metal powder injection molding, researchers can now produce tiny implants like the stirrup, a small bone in the human ear, from biocompatible materials such as titanium.

利用微金属粉末注入成形，研究者现在能制成微小的埋植剂像镫骨，镫骨是人耳中最小的骨头，一般用生物相容性材料如，钛制成。

Since the decrease of the acoustic stapedius reflex amplitude is mediated by the auditory efferent system in sound field, in clinical practice the function of the auditory efferents can be evaluated by testing the change of acoustic stapedius reflex amplitude with the stimulation of the wide band noise in sound field.

声场下白噪声刺激可致镫骨肌声反射幅值降低，临床上可以通过检测声场下白噪声刺激后镫骨肌声反射幅值的变化评枯听觉传出神经的功能。

With dissecting microscope,weobserved 588 ossicles(200 mallei,224 incudis 164 stapes)from 120 full term foe-tuses without congenital defect except one case of anencephaly.We found that theauditory ossicles vary greatly ...

在240只耳中，发现5例(2.1%)听小骨先天性畸形：先天性镫骨底固定(1例)、环状镫骨与镫骨底分离(1例)、小柱状镫骨(2例)、镫骨与砧骨长脚和锤骨柄间借类骨组织连结(1例)。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。