镇压的

The officials, the masses and foreign powers, elaborate on the different policies that the Qing government adopted in settling church cases under the influence of the stand off ideology. As for the foreigners who directly caused the church case, the Qing government dare not go into it seriously, the government simply yielded to the foreigners' unreasonable demand of indemnity and construction of the church; as for the masses who is against the churches, the government suppressed them with a firm hand and punished those innocent people in order to meet the foreigner's demand of 'punishing the guilty people'; as for the officials who refused to carry out the standoff ideology, the government dismissed them from their posts.

然后，具体阐述清政府在和局思想的影响下，对洋人、民众及官员三个方面所采取的不同处理措施：对于导致教案发生的直接及根本原因中洋人所应负的责任不敢深究，而是一味迁就其提出的赔款、建堂等无理要求；对于民众的反教活动采取坚决的镇压措施，并不惜牺牲司法公正、惩办无辜民众来满足洋人的&惩凶&要求；对于涉案官员及拒不执行其和局思想的办案官员则予以撤职。

How to enjoy? The only figures rabachés are those of the "Tibetan government in exile". Yet the Chinese government, if I heard, announces itself a number of injuries and deaths to understand that there has been a grave and serious situation that the authorities admit. In any circumstances try to compare information. We try to understand the sequence of events. Otherwise say that the french government of the time ordered the two young grow into a power transformer in Clichy Sous Bois on the grounds that it had a policy to deal with tough hand suburbs. Nobody would move a mistake as infamous. In the American urban riots repression was also heavy hand. All that condones nothing. But it puts events in relation comparison.

唯一的数字rabachés是那些对&西藏流亡政府&，但中国政府，如果我没有听错，宣布本身是一个受伤人数和死亡人数，以了解有一严重和严重的情况，有关当局承认，在任何情况下，尝试以比较的资料，我们设法了解事件的顺序，否则说，法国政府的时候命令两位年轻的成长，成为一个电力变压器在clichy sous木材日志上，理由是它有一个政策，以应付严峻的，一方面郊区，没有人会提出一个错误，臭名昭著的，在美国城市暴动镇压也是很沉重的手，都表示宽恕无关，但它把有关的事件发生的比较。

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States; To establish post offices and post roads; To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries; To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water; To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years; To provide and maintain a navy; To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces; To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions; To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress

制定对伪造合众国证券和货币的惩罚条例；设立邮政局及延造驿路；为促进科学和实用技艺的进步，对作家和发明家的著作和发明，在一定期限内给予专利权的保障；设置最高法院以下的各级法院；界定并惩罚海盗罪、在公海所犯的重罪和违背国际公法的罪行；宣战，对民用船苹颁发捕押敌船及采取报复行动的特许证，制定在陆地和海面虏获战利晶的规则；募集和维持陆军，但每次拨充该项费用的款项，其有效期不得超过两年；配备和保持海军；制定有开管理和控制陆海军队的各种条例；制定召集民兵的条例，以便执行联邦法律，镇压叛乱和击退侵略；规定民兵的组织、装备和训练，以及民兵为合众国服务时的管理办法，但各州保留其军官任命权，和依照国会规定的条例训练其民团的权力

But Mr Horspool's achievement is to show the sheer extent to which rebellion in its many different shapes and forms has been a continuous and conscious tradition shaping the behaviour of both the ruled and their rulers. The Levellers in the 17th century saw their oppression as dating from the imposition of the "Norman yoke" in the 11th century; the 19th-century Chartists took their inspiration from Magna Carta in the 13th century; and those late 20th- century rebels defying Mrs Thatcher's poll tax referred directly back to the Peasants' Revolt of the 14th century.

但是，霍斯普先生的成就在于他表明了：各种形式的反叛，在某种决定性的意义上，构成了一种有意识的，不断地在塑造着统治者与被统治者行为的历史传统。17世纪的平等派把他们所受到的镇压一直追溯到11世纪的&诺曼之轭&[注4]，19世纪的宪章派从13世纪的大宪章汲取灵感，而在20世纪后期反抗撒切尔人头税的人们，则把14世纪农民起义看作自己的直接渊源。

Far from the slurs of terrorism with which it too often associated, the Middle East is in fact steeped in a rich and diverse literary tradition – from the Holy Qur'an to Omar Khayyam, from Rumi to Kahlil Gibran. Moreover, its marvelous contemporary poetry offers a distinct reflection of cultural depth and personal reality for us to behold: Turkey, with its proud imperial legacy and historical burden; Israel and Palestine, confluence of civilizations and land of strife; Kurdistan, which has nearly the same population as Taiwan, divided and suppressed by its neighbors, since World War I the most humiliated and disenfranchised of peoples; and Iraq, situated in the cradle of civilization – the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers – caught up in the frontline of war at the beginning of the 21st century. In addition, we are visited by representatives from Iceland – a small country with a noble culture – and newly independent Slovakia. All of these nations stand as mirrors of ourselves.

不被「恐怖主义」污名化的中东，从古兰圣训到奥玛珈音，从鲁米到纪伯仑，实有丰富多元的文学传统，而他们优秀的当代诗歌创作，亦鲜明地反映了文化厚度与切身现实，足让我们以全新的眼光分享──拥有帝国遗产与历史包袱的土耳其；文明交锋、强权倾轧的以色列与巴勒斯坦的土地；人口与台湾相当的库德族，被四分五裂且遭各国镇压，成为一次大战以来最屈辱的无国之民；而伊拉克身处世界文明发祥的两河流域，却沦为二十一世纪首当其冲的战火前线……此外，还有小国寡民却独尊文化的冰岛，以及独立不久的斯洛伐克，处处可以给我们借鉴。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。