锤骨砧骨的

The raw data was processed by using axial, coronal and double oblique multi-planar reformation; Images obtained were graded in terms of quality with a 5-point scale(5=excellent, 4=good, 3=fair, 2=poor, and 1=nondiagnostic). In grading image quality at axial MPR, The radiologic specialists focused on the subarcuate fossa, tendon of tensor tympani, facial recess, vestibular aqueduct and pyramidal eminence, In grading image quality at coronal MPR, attention was given to the scute, crista transversa, fenestra cochleae, lateral malleal ligament and snake eyes signature of cranial nerve, In the grading of the image quality at double oblique MPR, the radiologic specialists concentrated on the malleus, incus, stirrup bone, upper bony semicircular and aquaeductus fallopii, and then to implement statistical analysis. In order to choose the minimum tube current values and the maximum pitch that can satisfy the diagnosis request, image quality of axial, coronal and double oblique reformation images was compared with different tube current groups. 15 ears of volunteers were used to test the validity with the scanning parameter. Subsequently noise, MTF and dose length product were measured by phantoms in different tube current and pitch, the parameters obtained were compared and taken into statistics analysis.

扫描模式使用临床常用的颞骨螺旋扫描方式：管电压120 kV，准直宽度20×0.6 mm，视野200 mm，重建矩阵512×512，旋转时间1 s/r，重建层厚0.6 mm，重建间隔0.3 mm，分别改变管电流(380、300、200、160、120和80 mA)和螺距(0.8、1.0和1.2)进行扫描和重建，然后对颞骨进行横断面、冠状面和双斜面多平面重组，于重组后的横断层面图像上选取弓形下窝、鼓膜张肌腱、面神经隐窝、前庭导水管和锥隆起5个解剖结构，冠状面重组图像上选取盾板、横嵴、蜗窗、面神经的蛇眼征和锤骨外侧韧带5个解剖结构，双斜面重组图像上选取锤骨、砧骨、镫骨、上骨半规管和面神经管5个解剖结构，在双盲的情况下由放射学专家分别对各管电流和螺距下扫描的重组图像进行评分，随后进行统计学处理，从中筛选出满足诊断要求的最低管电流值和最大的螺距，分别采用患者25例(15耳)用该管电流值和螺距验证其可行性；然后利用模体分别测试各管电流和螺距下的图像的空间分辨率、噪声及其剂量长度积，并对测试所得参数数值进行比较和统计学处理。

Comprising three separate bones, the malleus, the incus and the stapes, this structure is unlike that of any other class of animal

中耳骨是由锤骨、砧骨和镫骨这三块独立的骨骼组成，这种结构与其他任何纲目的动物都有所不同

Comprising three separate bones, the malleus, the incus and the stapes, this structure is unlike that of any other class of animal: reptiles and amphibians have one bone while fish have none.

中耳骨是由锤骨、砧骨和镫骨这三块独立的骨骼组成，这种结构与其他任何纲目的动物都有所不同：爬行动物与两栖动物都只有单个耳骨，而鱼类则没有。

Numerical analysis is conducted and employed to predict the effects of middle ear cavity, malleus handle defect, hypoplasia of the long process of incus, and stapedial crus defect on sound transmission.

利用模型进行了外耳，中耳和内耳的声固耦合分析，研究了中耳腔，锤骨柄缺如，砧骨长脚畸形和镫骨足弓畸形对传声机制的影响。

Results CTVE could clearly demonstrate the shape,size,and relation of the normal auditory ossicular chain.A visualization rate of malleus,incus,and incudomalleal articulation was 100%,and was 32% for the stapedial footplate.However,in only 21% could the anterior and posterior crura of stapes be distinguished.Cholesteatoma was found in 12 cases with chronic otitis media,in which CTVE demonstrated varying degrees of destruction of the auditory ossicle.In 1 case with congenital anomaly,ossicle dysplasia was seen.

结果 CTVE能清楚显示正常听骨链的形态、大小及相互关系，锤骨、砧骨及锤砧关节的显示率为100%(38/38)，镫骨底板的显示率为32%(12/38)，只有21%(8/38)可以分辨镫骨的前、后脚；18例中耳炎患者中12例胆脂瘤形成，CTVE上有不同程度的听小骨破坏。1例中耳畸形显示听骨链发育异常。

Results The representation of the structures of ill ears on CTVE and its comparison with coronal and axial CT film and operation: In 24 purulent otitis media, CTVE had a coincidence of 91.7% with operation of handle of malleus, 95.8% of head of malleus,95.8% of long limb of incus ,100% of short limb of incus, 87.5% of limbs of stapes.

结果：24耳慢性化脓性中耳炎中CTVE显示锤骨柄、砧骨长脚骨质破坏与手术所见的符合率为91.7％（22/24），显示锤骨头骨质破坏的符合率为95.8％（23/24），显示砧骨短脚骨质破坏的符合率为100%（24/24），显示镫骨脚骨质破坏的符合率为87.5％（21/24）。

MethodsTraditional gradient force, gradient plus pressure force and gradient vector flow force were used in active contour models to segment malleus, incus, eardrum and some shared surface images. The segmentation results were compared. ResultsBoth the gradient force and the GVF force resulted in satisfactory results when the initial contours were close to the boundary.

将传统的梯度外力、梯度加压力及梯度矢量流外力应用于主动轮廓模型，分别对砧骨、锤骨、砧骨和锤骨间的共享狭窄面及鼓膜等图像进行图像分割，比较图像分割的结果，选择收敛速度快、分割结果准确的方法。

Results: The satisfactory MPR images of cochlea, bony semicircular canals, internal auditory meatus and other intratemporal structures can be obtained. The SSD images could show some important bony marks of temporal bone and spatial relationships between them clearly. On coronal plane, SSD images can vividly demonstrate the shape and spatial relationships of malleus and incus. A series images were obtained as the virtual endoscope moved from the external auditory canal to the middle ear cavity.

结果：MPR能在不同切面显示耳蜗、半规管、内耳道及面神经管垂直段等结构，显示率为100%；SSD能清晰显示颞骨重要的骨性结构，如内耳门、颈静脉孔等，冠状位切割后的SSD图像能生动地显示锤骨、砧骨的立体形态及空间关系；CTVE可模仿内窥镜从外耳向中耳移动，清晰显示骨性外耳道、鼓室内侧壁及听骨链等结构。

RESULTS Cochlea,semicircular canal,scutum,internal auditory canal,vertical segment of facial nerve canal were clearly shown in all cases by different slices of MPR images.3D CT can vividly demonstrate the shape and spatial relation-ships of malleus and incus.

三维CT能生动地显示锤骨、砧骨的立体形态及空间关系。

For bats to listen to the echoes of their original emissions and not be temporarily deafened by the intensity of their own calls, the middle ear muscle contracts to separate the three bones there, the malfeasances and stapes,and reduce the hearing sensitivity.

对蝙蝠来说，为了听到它们最初发出的声音的回音并不被它们自己的声音强度暂时震聋，中耳肌肉收缩将那里的锤骨、砧骨和镫骨分开并减小听觉的敏感度。注意，注意力集中

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。