链体

Abrin is one of the potent toxins isolated from the beans of plant abrus precatorius.the toxic protein consists of two disulfide-bonded subunits,the a and b chains.the b chain is a galactose-specific lectin that facilitates the binding of abrin to the cell membrane that precedes endocytosis.after entering the cells,the a chain catalytically inactivates 60s ribosomal subunits by removing adenine position 4324 of 28s r–rna,and thereby inhibits protein biosynthesis.

相思子毒素是从豆科植物(abrus precatorius l。)种子中分离的一种细胞毒性蛋白。它由a，b两条链组成，由一个二硫键相联，b链具有半乳糖凝集活性，可与细胞膜上受体结合，帮助a链进入细胞内，a链进入细胞催化失活60s核糖体亚基，从而使细胞蛋白合成被抑制。

From the equilibra configures obtained during simulating, it was suggested that there is mainly chaintype structure in the LiBO〓 melt, and the dominative variations during the process of being fused may be the decomposition of the long chains, then large member of nonbridge oxygen was come into being in the shorter chains resulting from the decommission.

模拟得到的二硼酸锂熔体中，三配位和四配位的硼氧结构共存，其间相互结合成环状结构；而在偏硼酸锂熔体中没有发现四配位构型，由平衡构像分析，该熔体中可能以链式结构为主，熔化过程中主要的结构变化是长链的分解，分解产生的短链结构产生了大量非桥氧。

The study has shown:(1) With increasing sediment depth and the woody giblets, the total organic carbon, the extraction of benzene , the total humic acids and the unhydrolyte are enhanced, while the hydrolyte is decreasing.(2) According to the GC-MS analysis, n-alkane,n-alkan-2-ones and n-alkanones are composed mainly of long-chains,such a result is thought to be characteristic of a herbaceous input from 2300a.B.P. n-alkanones exist in the samples may be considered as the evidence of microorganisms activity.(3) It is showed that the lipids is more sensitive to the climate change than the floristic. The proxy of the pollen spore of the peat stratum is different from the normal environment proxy. It is one of the main reasons that the sensitivity difference of the bog vegetation reacting to the climate isn't accordant with the log of the fat molecule fossil and biology fossil.(4) The transformation of the peat organic carbon is under the influence of temperature,acidity,organic material constituting, etc, and it showed the up-trend with the depth. In the short-term scale, the conversion of the peat organic carbon is effected by seasonal water,regional climate and vegetations; while in the long-term scale, it is controlled mainly by the climate.(5) According to the comparing the orderliness of organic compound,vegetation giblets with the depth to the characteristics of the peat molecule fossil with the section, in the development of this peatmire, 1500a B.P（210cm）is regard as the borderline of the late Holocene, the keynote of the front period is warm with several cold fluctuations, and the trend of the back period is dry and cold although there were several fluctuations.

研究表明：（1）随深度的增高及植物残体中木本残体的增多，总有机碳、苯萃取物、总腐植酸、不被水解物含量逐渐增高，而易水解物含量减少；（2）GC- MS分析显示，正构烷烃，直链烷基2-酮和正烷醇均以长链组分为主，揭示了该泥炭柱剖面2347a.B.P的母源输入以草本植物为主；甲基酮类和短链正烷醇的存在是微生物活性很大的生物证据；（3）通过有机分子标志物与孢粉、植物残体等指标的对比研究表明：脂类化合物对气候变化的反映要比植物种灵敏得多，不同沼泽植物对气候变化的敏感性的差异是脂类分子化石记录与生物大化石结果很难一致的主要原因之一；（4）泥炭有机碳的转化受到温度、酸度、有机物质组成等很多因素的影响，短时间尺度，泥炭有机碳的转化受季节性降水、地方气候和植被等因素的影响；长时间尺度，泥炭地有机碳的转化，受气候条件控制；（5）总结泥炭分子化石特征、泥炭有机质各组分含量及植物残体组成随深度的变异规律，分析结果显示该泥炭地层形成过程中，1500a B.P（210cm）可作为划分前后晚全新世的界线，前期的基调是气候偏暖，但又有几次偏干冷气候的反复，后期气候以干冷为主，其间虽有几次上升波动，但整体趋势不变。

These structures are conveniently displayed pictorially with links shown as arrows.

每个结构体链接到通过成员 next 链接到下一个结构体。这些结构体就被链接起来。

In complex 1,Cucan be described as a four-coordinated square planar geometry.Compound 8 is the sodium salt of plumbagin and exists as ionic compound.Compounds 9-16 are the rare earth complexes of plumbagin with La,Y,Dy,Sm,Gd,Nd,Erand Eu.Compound 17 is binuclear Y complex.18 is mononuclear Ycomplex with plumbagin and another ligand from Plumbago Zeylanica.Compounds 19-21 are the ternary complexes with plumbagin and 2,2\'-bpy and phen as assistant ligand.In 19, the geometry of Cucan be described as five-coordinated distorted square pyramid that exists in a dimer through the weak bonding,and 1-D chain structure is formed by intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

化合物1的单晶结构分析表明1具有四配位平面四边形结构，化合物8是白花丹素的Na盐，以离子化合物形式存在；化合物9～16为白花丹素的La，Y，Dy，Sm，Gd，Nd，Er，Eu的稀土金属配合物；化合物17是白花丹素的双核钇结构；化合物18为白花丹素的单核钇结构，该配合物除了含白花丹素外，还有来自白花丹植物中的另一个单体化合物也参与配位；化合物19～21是以2，2\'-联吡啶和邻菲咯啉等含N配体为辅助配体，具有白花丹素—含N配体—金属离子的三元配合物，化合物19是白花丹素和2，2\'-联吡啶与Cu的配合物，具有五配位的四方锥构型，通过Cu…O弱的成键作用形成二聚体，再通过分子间的氢键作用进一步形成一维链状结构，化合物20和化合物21是白花丹素分别与2，2\'-联吡啶和邻菲咯啉的Zn配合物，都具有六配位八面体构型的双核锌配合物，呈一维链状结构，化合物20中链与链之间的大量氢键将一维链扩展成二维层，分子间的π-π堆积作用进一步形成三维结构。

Specifically, itcontains 8 chapters.In chapter 1, the formation, structures, properties and the futureprospect of liposome were thoroughly reviewed;In chapter 2, the stibility and permeability of phopholipid -eleostericacid liposome were studied together with the effect of polymerizationof eleostearic acid. This membrane system was very sensitive to 〓,the effect of 〓 was clarified to increase the aggregation/fusion ofliposomes and made the permeability of mixed liposomes much higher;In chapter 3, two polymerizable conjugated diyne bolaamphiphiles were synthesized. They could form very stable mixed liposome, andthe diyne could be polymerized by UV light in bilayer liposomes, as aresult, the stability of mixed liposome against solvent or surfactantafter polymerization were enhanced. In chapter 4, two kinds of amphiphilic amino acids were synthesized andstable liposomes were formed therefrom After the condensationpolymerization of amino acid in bilayer liposomes, stable polypeptide liposomes were obtained, which had lower phase transition temperatureand higher permeability.In chapter 5, four kinds of glycolipids were synthesized and theiraggregation behavior in water was comparied. When incorporated intophospholipid bilayer membranes, they could increase the phase transitiontemperatures and inhibit the aggregation and fusion of mixedliposomesat lower temperature.In chapter 6 and 7, three kinds of steroidal bolaamphiphiles withdifferent chain lengths were synthesized. Incorporation of steroidalmoiety to the center of lipid bilayer membrane obviously increased themobility of lipid membrane and shifted Tc to lower temperature side incomparasion with cholesterol. The bolaamphiphile which was shorter thanthe hosted lipid bilayer membrane thickness influenced the lipid packingmore obviously.

全文共分8章：第一章对脂质体的形成、结构、性质及展望进行了较为详细的文献综述；第二章研究了磷脂-桐酸脂质体的稳定性，通透能力及桐酸的聚合对这些性质的影响；磷脂-桐酸混合脂质体为一类对〓灵敏的脂质体，〓的作用首先是使脂质体集聚然后使脂质体融合，并加速内包荧光物的释放；第三章通过合成两种可聚合共轭双炔双极性双亲分子DDCA，DDOL，研究了共双炔分子在双分子层脂质体膜上的聚合及对脂质体性质的影响，聚合可以提高脂质体相对于溶剂及表面活性剂的稳定性；第四章合成了两类氨基酸为极性基团的双亲分子，它们均可以在超声下形成稳定的脂质体结构；氨基酸基团可以在脂质体上进行缩聚反应，若聚合后脂质体表面仍有足够的亲水能力，则可得到稳定的多肽型脂质体；聚合后脂质体的相变温度降低，通透能力增加；第五章合成了四种亲水基团为单糖基的双亲分子GL-l，GL-2，GL-3， GL-4，研究了它们在水中的分散情况、集合体形态与分子结构的关系；在DMPC双分子层膜中加入糖脂分子可以使脂质体的相变温度提高，阻止脂质体在低温放置时的集聚与融合；第六章-第七章合成了三种不同碳链长度的双极性含胆甾环双亲分子 CL-1，CL-2，CL-3；它们可以象胆固醇一样与磷脂混合形成稳定脂质体，胆甾环基团位于脂质体双分子层膜的中间；与胆固醇的作用相反，它们可以增加磷脂双分子层膜的流动性，降低混合脂质体的相变温度；三种分子的作用与其碳链长度和磷脂双分子层膜的厚度有关，比膜厚度短的分子影响最大。

A novel polymer of Poly(diglycidyl maleate-co-stearyl methacrylate) was synthesized and its structure was characterized by ~1H NMR. Its self-assembly behavior was studied in different solvents. It was found that vesicles and tubule-liked aggregates can be obtained through self-assembly of P(DGMA-co-SMA)/THF/EtOH system. And spheral aggregates were obtained in P(DGMA-co-SMA)/THF/H_2O system while the spheral aggregates were converted into rod-liked aggregates and line-liked aggregates after aged for different time.

合成了带含环氧基侧链和十八烷基侧链的聚(马来酸二缩水甘油酯-co-甲基丙烯酸十八酯)，用~1H NMR对所得的共聚物进行了表征；研究了其在选择性溶剂中的自组装行为，发现P(DGMA-co-SMA)／THF／EtOH体系可以通过自组装形成囊泡形自组装体和支化的管状自组装体，P(DGMA-co-SMA)／THF／H_2O体系最初自组装形成球形自组装体，随着陈化时间的延长，球形自组装体逐渐融合成长条形自组装体和线形自组装体；探讨了自组装过程的机理，建立了可能的自组装过程模型。

In order to investigate the relationship between the open-chain ligands and metal ions, and the possibility of the metal complexes used as electroluminescent materials, a new naphthol schiff base ligand which is a open-chain crown and its four transition metal complexes, a new amide type tripodal ligand containing heterocyclic ring, two tripodal ligands (H〓L〓 and H〓L〓) containing phenol schiff bases and their rare earth complexes were synthesized and characterized.

为了进一步研究和探讨开链配体与金属离子的配位作用，以及金属配合物作为电致发光材料的可能性，我们设计合成了含萘酚环的Schiff碱开链冠醚H〓L〓及四种过渡金属(Zn、Ni、Co、Cu)配合物，两个含酚羟基的Schiff碱三足配体H〓L〓和H〓L〓及稀土配合物，一个含杂环的酰胺型三足配体L〓，培养了配体L〓的单晶，确定了其晶体结构。

In order to accomplish this change, our research have made several important break-through by revising new formulation especially in (1) catalyst mix,(2) adjustment of water content,(3) addition of chain extenders and crosslinkers, and(4) utilization of long-chained polyols. By doing so, the general performances of our new non-yellowing foam products are comparable to those of the traditional TDI based products. In certain mechanical properties in areas such as tensile strength, split tear strength, and elongation our measured values of 1.89 kg/cm2, 1.47 kg/cm, and 355 % respectively have out-performed the old materials.

能在研究中突破的原因，是因针对聚胺酯发泡体配方中的催化剂、水含量、链长剂种类、交联剂及搭配商业之改质长链三元醇，做各式各样之配方调整而成，与传统商业用之芳香族发泡体相比较，基本的成泡指数及性质相比拟上已相近，在抗张(1.89 kg/cm2，比TDI系统增加2.2倍)、撕裂(1.47 kg/cm，比TDI系统增加1.7倍)、延伸率(355 %，比TDI系统增加1.6倍)等机械性质上甚至比芳香族发泡体有更佳的表现。

Our results show that the duality of self-dual tetrahedral link is "trivial", and the duality of hexahedral and octahedral link as well as dodecahedral and icosahedral link are "nontrivial".

从构型角度考虑，四面体链环的自对偶是&平凡&的，六面体链环和八面体链环，十二面体和二十面体链环的对偶是&非平凡&的。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。