银行贷款

Secondly, the author completely combs and sums up the credit system at different stage. The thesis analyzes the transformation of China's credit system after the foundation of New China. The thesis compares the characteristics and performance of different credit system; understand the historical status of credit system, Summarizes the deficiency in order to improve credit system arrangement.Thirdly, by analyzing an example of how middle size enterprises finance, we conclude that middle and small size company can avoid credit admeasure by the innovation of credit system.

论文分析了从新中国成立至今我国商业银行信贷制度的变迁，通过对不同阶段信贷制度安排的特点以及绩效的比较，了解我国商业银行信贷制度的历史状况，并总结不足，以有利于今后更好的完善。3、通过一个中小企业融资的案例的实证分析，得出银行信贷制度的创新可以使小企业的信贷避免遭遇信贷配给，同时大银行利用平台贷款可以在小企业贷款中降低交易成本，获取比较优势。4、对商业银行信贷制度做了具体细致的研究。

Guide commercial banks to effectively identify, measure, monitor and control credit risk in real estate, in August 2003 we began drafting the "Guide", on the first draft of the scope for small and the relevant professional institutions and commercial banks advisory opinion, the revised and listen to the real estate lending representative of the Banking Board and various areas of commercial banks, real estate companies and the Hong Kong region of the real estate lending risk control practice some more prominent banking institutions.

为引导商业银行有效识别、衡量、监测和控制房地产贷款风险，我们于2003年8月着手起草了《指引》，并就初稿小范围征求了相关专业咨询机构和商业银行的意见，修改后，又广泛听取在房地产贷款方面有代表性地区的银监局以及各类商业银行、部分房地产公司以及香港地区房地产贷款风险管控方面做法较突出的某些银行机构的意见。

Any bank or insurance company; any savings and loan association, building and loan association, cooperative bank, homestead association, or similar institution, or any receiver, conservator, liquidator, liquidating agent, or similar official or person thereof or therefor; or any common trust fund or similar fund maintained by a bank exclusively for the collective investment and reinvestment of moneys contributed thereto by the bank in its capacity as a trustee, executor, administrator, or guardian

ICA第3(3)豁免了任何银行或保险公司，任何储蓄和贷款协会，建筑和贷款协会，合作银行，宅基协会或类似机构，或任何接收人、监护人、清算人、清算代理、或类似的此类高级职员或个人；任何由银行管理、仅用作集体投资和再投资的共同信托基金或类似的基金，其中基金是由银行在其能力范围内作为受托人、执行人、管理人或监护人提供的。

This paper using the panel data of50 developing countries studies the influence of foreign bank entry on bakingefficiency (growth rate of deposit, growth rate of lend, growth rate of net interestincome and spread) and draws the experiential conclusion: foreign bank entry hasmuch influence on lending market and profit growth, but this influence can force thereform and development of domestic banking. Foreign bank entry decreases the spreadof domestic banking, and this means the efficiency of domestic banking increases.Foreign bank entry dose not cause the deposit diffluence of domestic banking.

利用50个发展中国家的银行样本数据分析了外资银行进入对本土商业银行效率(存款增长率、贷款增长率、净利息收入增长率和存贷利差)的影响，并得出了经验结论：外资银行进入对贷款市场和利润增长形成了巨大的冲击，但是这种冲击会推动东道国银行业改革和发展；外资银行进入降低了本土银行业的存贷利差，说明本土银行由于外资银行进入银行效率得到了提升；进一步验证了外资银行进入没有造成本土银行业存款市场的分流。

Bank of China said the 10-year subordinated loan, which carries interest of two percentage points above the London interbank offered rate for the first five years and 2.5 percentage points after that, would give it 'greater operating flexibility ...

该公司表示，从其母公司获得的为10年期后偿贷款，还款期前5年的贷款利率比伦敦银行同业拆息高2个百分点，后5年的贷款利率比伦敦银行同业拆息高2.5个百分点。该行称，这笔贷款将给其带来更大的运营灵活性。。。。。。

Pointed out that from the financial point of view, countries in the current macroeconomic policy, the bank's second-hand housing loan requirements of the subject matter of strict than before, and the proportion of loans and repayment period is more stringent; in the process of a direct impact on second-hand housing transactions to the mortgage, that is, there are all kinds of unreasonable, then there are now many banks have stopped the process to switch mortgage business, real estate transactions on the secondary impact is relatively large.

胡景辉指出，从金融角度来看，国家在目前的宏观经济政策，银行的二手房贷款需求的主题事项严格比以前的比例贷款和还款期是更严格；的过程中，直接影响了二手房交易抵押贷款，也就是说，有各种各样的不合理的，那么现在有许多银行已停止的进程切换抵押贷款业务，房地产交易的次要影响比较大的。

Mainly introduce the concept, origin, developing cause of assets securilization, developing history of securilization in the countries and areas such as U. S. A., British, Australia, Japan, Hongkong, ect. Part three, includes Chapter four, five, six, and seven. Mainly study the effect to the development of our country's economy by carrying out banking assets securitization, the actuality of banks in our country, imminency and realistic meaning to carry out assets securitization, and talk about the feasibility of take housing mortgage loan as a cut-in point and reference meaning of dealing with bad assets of banks; the design of carrying out housing mortgage loan at present moment, and the feasibility, difficulties and problem of making experiment of bad assets securitization, the study of relevant policy such as law system, revenue system, finance system, supervising principle and so on, which needs to be studied and resolved in making experiment of banking assets securitization; all kinds of risks, risks estimate and providing measures needed in.

主要研究实施资产证券化对我国经济发展的影响，主要从银行资产证券化入手，研究我国银行的现状，进行资产证券化的迫切性和现实意义，探讨了我国从住房抵押贷款作为切入点的可行性以及对处理银行不良资产的借鉴意义；现阶段我国实施住房抵押贷款证券化的方案设计，以及进行不良资产证券化试点的可行性、难点和需要解决的问题；近期我国进行银行资产证券化试点需要研究和解决的法律制度、税收制度、财会制度、监管原则等配套政策研究；资产证券化面临的各类风险、风险评价和需要采取的防范措施。

For example, Basel II only permits originating banks who securitize loans by way of a traditional securitization transaction, not to count those loans in its risk weighted exposures, if the sale of the mortgage loans to the SPV puts the loans completely beyond the bank's control (ie the transfer or the loans to the SPV must be by way of clean sale which cannot be set aside).

例如，《巴塞尔资本协定 II》规定，该等藉传统证券化交易来将贷款证券化的发起银行，只有在它们向「特定目的投资机构」出售按揭贷款，致使该等贷款是完全处於该些银行的控制范围以外时（即是转让予「特定目的投资机构」的贷款，必须是藉著不能搁置的clean sale 方式），它们才可以不将有关贷款列入其风险加权值之内。

Generally, the process of getting loans on the basis of the existence of different risk factors, personal loans purchase at least three types of business risk protection : First, the housing mortgage property insurance, the main victims of accidents and protect property damaged by natural disaster risks; Second, lenders regular credit life insurance, mainly in the loan owing on the loan period of injury as a result of illness or accident and incapacity or death of bank guarantee safe recovery loans to the families of those who continue to live; Third mortgage purchase insurance performance bond, mainly because when the guarantor of death, unemployment causes an inability owing on the loan, insurance companies on behalf of their debt to banks liquidated I, at the same time exercise the right to recover from the collateral, or to the insured recover compensation awards.

一般而言，根据贷款买房过程中存在的不同风险因素，个人贷款购房业务至少需要三类风险保障：一是抵押住房的财产保险，主要保障房产遭受意外事故和自然灾害毁损的风险；二是贷款者的定期信用人寿保险，主要是在还贷期内贷款人因疾病或意外伤害而丧失工作能力或死亡的情况下，保证银行能安全收回贷款，贷款者的家人能继续居住；三是抵押贷款购房履约保证保险，主要是在当被担保人因为死亡、失业等约定原因无力还贷时，保险公司代其向银行清偿余债，同时行使追偿权，从抵押物中得到补偿或向投保人追回赔款。

Bank sources told reporters that the key is in fact now unreasonable categories, personal loans purchase operations at least three risk protection : First, protect property suffered major accidents and natural disasters, the risk of collateral damage to housing property insurance; Second, lenders regular credit life insurance, mainly in the loan owing on the loan period of injury as a result of illness or accident and incapacity or death of bank guarantee safe recovery loans to the families of those who continue to live; Third mortgage purchase insurance performance bond, mainly because when the guarantor of death, unemployment causes an inability owing on the loan, insurance companies on behalf of their debt to banks liquidated I, at the same time exercise the right to recover from the collateral, or to the insured recover compensation awards; Now the market is the impact of policies, mostly property insurance, and lack of a man-made object of the life insurance products.

银行有关人士告诉记者，其实现在不合理的关键是险种问题，个人贷款购房业务至少需要三类风险保障：一是主要保障房产遭受意外事故和自然灾害毁损的风险的抵押住房的财产保险；二是贷款者的定期信用人寿保险，主要是在还贷期内贷款人因疾病或意外伤害而丧失工作能力或死亡的情况下，保证银行能安全收回贷款，贷款者的家人能继续居住；三是抵押贷款购房履约保证保险，主要是在当被担保人因为死亡、失业等约定原因无力还贷时，保险公司代其向银行清偿余债，同时行使追偿权，从抵押物中得到补偿。。。。。。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。