银行信贷

Subsequently, the paper indicated how the incompliant lending came from the bank and company sides, and summarized several common incompliant patterns based on personal experiences. Those patterns are as follows: firstly,"used shell to give birth to eggs"by the medium and small developer; secondly,"unified distribution"by large developer; thirdly,"do in the darkness"used in hyper-investment or roll development by developer. The paper summarized the characteristic and fund operation process for each mode, and analyzed the influence and risk of incompliant lending loan to both banks and real estate markets.

接着，从银行及企业两方面阐述房地产违规信贷的成因，并凭借个人实务经验总结出几种常见的违规信贷模式，一是中小型房地产商采用的借壳生蛋型，二是大型房地产商采用的统一调配型，三是在项目超投资或滚动开发时采用的暗渡陈仓型，对每一种模式归纳了特点及资金流转过程，并分析了违规信贷对银行和房地产市场的风险。

On the basis of an analysis of the present profile of automobile consumer credit in China,a discussion is done on the meaning of its development. This thesis introduces the development of the market of automobile consumer credit overseas, and finds out the reasons why overseas automobile consumer credit leads to the successful development of automobile industry. It also analyses the causes of the slump in the market of automobile consumer credit in the country in aspects of influential elements such as economy,policies,society,consumption norms and so on. It has a deep discussion on some obvious problems in this field. For example,the market of automobile consumer credit is of no scale; the prices of automobiles are high; taxes are heavy and expenses are too much; average residents still have low income and no definite balance between income and predicted expenses; there is no perfect social credit system and individual credit system; there is not enough awareness of credit among the public. Taking theories in the area of industrial economics into consideration,it proposes basic measures of promoting the development of consumer credit in China: building up a credited society,a perfect and sound personal credit system.With credit database as the platform,all parties will be able to share information,improve the credit database,relevant regulations and laws as well as a risk warning system,thus operation and management of the operating entities will be improved,the cost of the practice of consumer credit will be reduced; strengthen the innovation of present financial system,develop financial products corresponding to different groups of customers,improve services,perfect the mode of "bank+insurance+automobile agents",make full use of the interne,adopt the practice of turning credit into securities.

本文在我国现阶段汽车消费信贷现状分析的基础上，对大力发展汽车消费信贷的意义进行了讨论；通过分析国外汽车消费信贷市场的发展概况，解析出国外汽车消费信贷促进汽车产业发展成功的原因；从影响汽车消费信贷市场发展的有关因素如经济环境、政策环境、社会环境和消费习惯等方面分析了我国汽车消费信贷市场现状低迷的症结所在；对中国汽车消费信贷市场的一些明显问题，如汽车消费市场尚未形成规模，汽车价格偏高，税费和使用费用负担沉重，相对较低的居民收入与预期收支不确定，社会信用体系尚未建立，个人信用制度缺失，公众信用意识淡薄等方面进行了深入探讨；立足于产业经济学理论，提出了构建信用社会，建立健全和完善个人信用体系，建立个人资信评估机构和登记制度，引入专业的资信中介机构，以信用数据库平台为基础，各方共享资源，组建客户信用数据平台，完善法规制度建设，建立健全汽车信贷消费的法律体系，建立风险预警机制，提高汽车消费信贷经营主体的经营管理水平，降低汽车信贷业务成本，加大金融制度创新的力度，开发适合不同消费群体的金融产品，提高服务质量，完善"银行+保险+汽车经销商"的汽车信贷模式，充分利用互联网、实行贷款证券化等促进我国汽车消费信贷发展的基本措施。

Competent commercial departments in all localities shall actively coordinate with any and all commercial banks, propel these banks to give more credit aid to small and medium circulation enterprises in accordance with the spirits of the Guiding Opinions of the People's Bank of China on Further Strengthening the Credit Aid Given to Well-Performing and Trustworthy Small and Medium Enterprises with Marketable Products (Yin Fa [2002] No.224), improve financial service offered to these enterprises, increase the line of credit and develop new credit service items; shall encourage various credit guaranty agencies to actively carry out guaranty services oriented to small and medium circulation enterprises; shall formulate corresponding policies, encourage and guide funds provided by all quarters of the society into the transformation and development of small and medium circulation enterprises.

各地商务主管部门应积极协调各商业银行，推动其按照《中国人民银行关于进一步加强对有市场、有效益、有信用中小企业信贷支持的指导意见》（银发〔2002〕224号）精神，加大对中小流通企业的信贷支持，完善对中小流通企业的金融服务，扩大授信额度，开发新的信贷服务项目；鼓励各类信用担保机构积极开展中小流通企业的担保业务；要制定相应政策，鼓励、引导社会各方面资金投入中小流通企业的改造和发展。

The effectiveness of the equilibrium credit rationing behavior to our monetary policy mainly express in following aspects: The first, the creation of the equilibrium credit rationing behavior influence the National Central Bank's activity of adjusting the control of foundational monetary directly; The second, the existence of the equilibrium credit rationing behavior inevitably influence the effectiveness of the National Central Bank controls the policy of the market interest rate; The third, the equilibrium credit rationing behavior would influence the monetary multiplicator; The fourth, the existence of the equilibrium credit rationing behavior would result the partition of the credit market.

均衡性信贷配给对我国货币政策的影响主要表现在以下几个方面：第一，均衡信贷配给的产生直接影响中央银行调控基础货币投放的主动性；第二，均衡信贷配给的存在必然影响中央银行控制市场利率政策的效力；第三，均衡性信贷配给影响货币乘数；第四，信贷配给的存在导致信贷市场的分割。

It has an essential supplementary function to the regular finance.

我国中央银行当前对民间融资进行了"正面"的评价，称其"具有一定的优化资源配置功能，减轻了中小民营企业对银行的信贷压力，转移和分散了银行的信贷风险。"

This chapter analyzed the mechanic of Rural credit cooperatives, Agricultural Bank of China, and Agricultural Development comment Bank of China, in order to dosing an mechanism to enhancer FII. Chapter 7. Policy sugestions on RFD to enhacing FII.

农村信用社主要是发展小额信贷；农村政策性金融在融资机制上、组建农村信贷担保银行、信贷业务种类及法律制度上进行了设计；中国农业银行从建立合理分工的农村金融服务体系的目标入手，推进农业银行的综合改革并根据商业性金融的特点明确支农地位。

COASTAL COMMUNITY AND TEACHERS CREDIT UNION COLLINS COMMUNITY CREDIT UNION COLUMBUS BANK AND TRUST COMPANY COMERICA BANK COMMERCE BANCSHARES, INC. COMMERCE BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION COMMERCIAL BANK COMMUNITY BANK AND TRUST CREDIT ONE BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION CREDIT UNION CENTRAL FALLS CREDIT UNION OF NEW JERSEY CU COOPERATIVE SYSTEMS DATA CENTER INCORPORATED DHCU COMMUNITY CREDIT UNION DIGITAL FEDERAL CREDIT UNION DUPONT COMMUNITY CREDIT UNION ESL FEDERAL CREDIT UNION EVANSVILLE FIREFIGHTERS FEDERAL CREDIT UNION FAIRFAX COUNTY FEDERAL CREDIT UNION FAMILY SECURITY CREDIT UNION FARMERS AND TRADERS BANK FEDCHOICE FEDERAL CREDIT UNION FIA CARD SERVICES, NA FIA CARD SERVICES, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FIDELITY BANK FINANCIAL HORIZONS CREDIT UNION FIRST-CITIZENS BANK AND TRUST COMPANY FIRSTMERIT BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FIRST BANKING CENTER - BURLINGTON FIRST COMMUNITY BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FIRST COMMUNITY CREDIT UNION FIRST FEDERAL SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATION OF PORT ANGELES FIRST FEDERAL SAVINGS BANK OF FLORIDA FIRST INTERSTATE BANK FIRST NATIONAL BANK FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF TENNESSEE FIRST PREMIER BANK FIRST SAVINGS BANK OF PERKASIE FIRST STATE BANK OF ST.

海岸社区与师范储蓄互助社柯林斯合作信用社哥伦布银行及信托公司Comerica银行商业股票银行，工商银行股份有限公司，国家协会为商业银行和信托银行信用社区一家银行，国家会信用联合会中央瀑布信用新泽西兑换联盟协同系统数据中心的法团DHCU合作信用社数字联邦信用合作社杜邦合作信用社的ESL联邦信用合作社埃文斯维尔消防队员联邦信用合作社费郡联邦信用合作社家庭安全信用联盟农民和商人银行FEDCHOICE联邦信用合作社国际汽联卡服务，不适用国际汽联卡服务，全国协会信诚银行信用联盟第一个财政立式服务器，国民银行和信托公司FirstMerit现有银行，第一银行中心的全国性协会-伯灵顿第一社区银行，国家协会第一社区信贷联盟第一个联邦储蓄和贷款协会第一港口洛杉矶联邦储蓄银行美国佛罗里达州第一州际银行第一国民银行第一国民银行田纳西州的首位银行第一储蓄佩卡西作者：意法半导体第一州银行。

This paper also applies game theory to set up game models for ante-accommodation and post-accommodation. In the information model for ante-accommodation, commercial banks expect the occurrence of separate game equivalence not the pooled game equivalence, for in pooled game equivalence, commercial banks may easily choose adverse selection to provide loans because of asymmetric information, while in the supervision model for post-accommodation, banks and enterprises hardly make pure strategic equivalence, that is, they can not achieve Pareto optimum in the same time, meanwhile, when the supervision model for post-accommodation achieve pooled strategic equivalence, we will make use of probabilities of enterprises not keeping their promises and probabilities of bank supervision as indexes for describing qualitatively the credit risk for enterprises and the credit risk for bank supervision.

首先，论文对信贷活动中信息不对称所产生的逆向选择与道德风险及由此产生的信贷风险进行了一般理论分析，并提出了防范逆向选择和道德风险的一般模型；其次，论文结合我国信贷市场预算约束软化这一根本特征，研究了我国信贷活动中由信息不对称而产生的信贷风险形成机理的特殊性进行了分析；接着，运用博弈论方法对我国信贷市场中商业银行与企业在申请贷款、偿还贷款时的博弈行为进行了深入分析；最后，文章提出了消除信贷市场信息不对称的对策和建议。

Lucubrating credit risk manage problem is not only independent behavior...

深入研究我国商业银行的信贷风险管理问题，不仅是商业银行作为微观金融主体进行内部管理的自主行为，从全局看也是防范商业银行的信贷风险导致银行信用体系和支付体系崩溃、引发货币危机、股市暴跌和金融危机的需要。

In Chinese commercial bank assets, bank discounting of bill business is looked upon as credit business, the person occupies the bank credit scale , the phenomenon appears but but not likely to be overdue , the bad assets owing a kind credit business on tradition significance almost is zero.

中国商业银行的资产中，银行票据贴现业务被视为信贷业务，其占用银行的信贷规模，但却不会出现逾期现象，传统意义上该类信贷业务的不良资产几乎为零。

I am accused of being overreligious," she said in her quiet, frank manner,"but that does not prevent me thinking the children very cruel who obstinately commit such suicide.""

客人们在卡罗利娜·埃凯家里，举止就文雅一些，因为卡罗利娜的母亲治家很严厉。

Designed by French fashion house Herm è s, this elegant uniform was manufactured in our home, Hong Kong, and was the first without a hat.

由著名品牌 Herm è s 设计，这件高贵的制服是香港本土制造，是我们第一套不配帽子的制服。