银行信用

At the initial stage and some extent of development, venture capital investors recommend small enterprises to banks by their strength and credit, introduce banks' services and capital to change imbalanced structure of banks' loan. At the same time, it can make venture capital have the biggest leverage effect.

在小企业发展初期和发展到一定程度后，利用风险投资自身的实力和信用，向银行推荐小企业，引入银行的服务和信贷资金，改善银行信贷结构失衡问题，同时也可以使风险投资得到最大的杠杆效应。

First, this gives birth to sovereign credit risk; Second, this results in the exterior problem of the property right structure of state-owned commercial banks which destroys the incentive and restrictive functions of property right; Third, the administration put on state-owned commercial banks excludes the supervision implemented by central bank.

其结果是：第一，导致了国家信用制度风险的产生；第二，造成了国有商业银行二重产权结构下的外部性问题，破坏了产权的激励与约束功能；第三，政府对国有商业银行的行政式管理排斥中央银行监管。

At present, Zhao organized and the management Chinese side Enterprise has been evaluated by the Chinese five ore chemical industry import and export chamber of commerce AAA the level credit enterprise, by the Agriculture Bank of China Shanxi Province Branch, the letter bank Taiyuan Branch, the Minsheng Bank Shanxi branch is evaluated not bad record and defends the credit enterprise, is evaluated tax payment pivot man, the demonstration enterprise by Internal Revenue Service, in the customs, the outer tube aspect is prompt, the code of honor, does not have any bad record, evaluates the model enterprise by Tianjin and Dalian Customs, and after-crops "not bad records" the enterprise document; Zhao managed the foreign enterprise is evaluated the No.1 enterprise, some section of Listed enterprise produced the product was also commended US's; Zhao now in the US, Japan, Singapore, Australia, Germany and Britain has the enterprise and the staff, altogether managed 15721 professional supervisors, to buy the hand, to sell the hand and the staff member.

目前，赵尚阳创办和管理的中方企业已被中国五矿化工进出口商会评为AAA级信用企业，被中国农业银行山西省分行、中信银行太原分行、民生银行山西分行评为无不良记录和守信用企业，被国税局评为纳税标兵、示范企业，在海关、外管方面规范、守信，无任何不良记录，被天津和大连海关评为模范企业，并下发"无不良记录"企业文件；赵尚阳管理的外商企业被评为No.1企业，有一上市企业生产的产品还受到美国的肯定和表彰；赵尚阳现在在美国、日本、新加坡、澳大利亚、德国和英国都有企业和工作人员，共管理着15721名职业管理人、买手、卖手和职员。

The main conclusions are as follows: financial innovation has changed the impact pattern of volatility of real estate prices on commercial banks' assets; the impact in China mainly concentrates on real estate-related loans based on banks' liabilities and is limited; Chinese commercial banks should accelerate the pace of asset securitization business but prudentially develop credit derivatives.

研究表明：金融创新改变了房地产价格波动对商业银行资产的影响模式；中国房价波动对商业银行资产的影响主要集中在源于银行负债发放的贷款领域，但总体影响有限；中国应加快发展银行资产证券化业务，谨慎发展信用衍生产品。

But, the large sample investigation by inquisition system for Chinese enterprisers discovered that the character of enterprisers influences badly on the credit of enterprises. Credit sponsion institutions in Zhejiang province widely put the character of enterprisers forward as a chief element in estimating credit level for medium-sized enterprises.

但尤努斯"穷人银行"、中国企业家调查系统的大样本调查和浙江商业信用担保实例却发现，"能力决定信用"的假设并不成立，企业负责人品格对企业信用有着至关重要的影响。

Part II also studies the risk situation of domestic banks and the causes leading to the formation of those risks and the author's conclusion is that Chinese banks in particular the four largest state-owned banks are characterized by the following risks:(1)the high percentage of problem loans;(2)poor profit-earning capability;(3)few channels of generating income;(4)heavy burden of tax and other expenditures;(5)the lower percentage of self-owned capitals;(6)poor liquidity;(7)the unsoundness and imperfectness of the internal management structure risk management mechanism and company management structure; to make matters worse, Chinese banks are cornered by our social and economical environments such as the unfledged market mechanism, the poor credit degree of our community, the deficiency of legal system in protecting the legitimate rights and interests of creditors and local protectionism in subordinating banks' credits to those of local parties concerned,etc.

本文还对国内银行风险状况及其成因进行分析，认为目前我国银行业处于高风险状态，主要表现为：在银行经营管理方面，国有商业银行不良资产占比过高(占全部贷款的26.62%)，商业银行盈利性差，收入的多样性差，税赋重，自有资本金比例低，流动性不足，内部控制及公司治理机制等管理制度不健全、不完善等；在社会、法制环境方面，市场机制不健全，社会信用程度低，法律制度不完善，地方保护倾向明显，等等。

On one hand, conglomerate companies as the representative of a country's industry and competitive standard bring conspicuous accumulating effects to commercial banks, on the other hand, the united companies usually have capital chain risks and banking system risks in case of finance risks because of their comparative huge credit facilities as well as unlimited credit owners.

一方面，集团企业作为一个国家产业实力和竞争力的标志，成为商业银行重点拓展的客户群体，也为商业银行带来了明显的规模聚集效应，另一方面，集团客户由于融资规模巨大、债权银行较多，一旦出现信用风险，往往产生连锁的资金链风险和系统的银行风险。

Congress also may tinker with the 12 regional Federal Home Loan Banks, which lend money to more than 8,000 commercial banks, thrifts, credit unions and insurers.

国会也可以对12家地区性联邦住房贷款银行进行改革。这些银行向8，000多家商业银行、储蓄银行、信用合作社和保险公司发放贷款。

After simply introducing the conception of credit and credit risk, the paper analyses the credit risk and its management in our commercial banks in detail.

在简单介绍了信用和信用风险的概念之后，详细分析了我国商业银行的信用风险及其管理现状。

Include to restore and change a tradition to run the Chinese agriculture bank of the target, supported rural goods economy energetically, raised capital to used cooperation of credence of benefit; country to restore nominal collaboration finance to organized positional; to unlock the control to civilian credence, allow civilian freedom leasehold, allow to establish civilian collaboration finance to organize; to allow a variety of financing means to coexist, included deposit, loan, bond, stock, fund, note discount, fiducial, rent wait for a variety of credit methods.

包括恢复并改变传统运作目标的中国农业银行，大力支持了农村商品经济，提高了资金使用效益；农村信用合作社恢复了名义上的合作金融组织地位；放开了对民间信用的管制，答应民间自由借贷，答应成立民间合作金融组织；答应多种融资方式并存，包括了存款、贷款、债券、股票、基金、票据贴现、信托、租赁等多种信用手段。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。