银行业

Recognize the different kinds of credit risks with corespondent feature, for which set different product credit risk coefficient respectively; analyze the clients" operating environment, competition, financials and management skills, based on which establish model for calculating client credit safety coefficient; then formulate the value of different products" credit risk--credit risk degree.

基于当今国际银行业盛行的风险资产管理理论的思想，文章指出中国银行业在信用风险的识别、衡量、处理和决策四方面存在着问题，并认为中国银行业应：在区分信用业务与信贷业务的基础上，确立对信用风险的正确认识。

This paper using the panel data of50 developing countries studies the influence of foreign bank entry on bakingefficiency (growth rate of deposit, growth rate of lend, growth rate of net interestincome and spread) and draws the experiential conclusion: foreign bank entry hasmuch influence on lending market and profit growth, but this influence can force thereform and development of domestic banking. Foreign bank entry decreases the spreadof domestic banking, and this means the efficiency of domestic banking increases.Foreign bank entry dose not cause the deposit diffluence of domestic banking.

利用50个发展中国家的银行样本数据分析了外资银行进入对本土商业银行效率(存款增长率、贷款增长率、净利息收入增长率和存贷利差)的影响，并得出了经验结论：外资银行进入对贷款市场和利润增长形成了巨大的冲击，但是这种冲击会推动东道国银行业改革和发展；外资银行进入降低了本土银行业的存贷利差，说明本土银行由于外资银行进入银行效率得到了提升；进一步验证了外资银行进入没有造成本土银行业存款市场的分流。

The tide of international banking ascendant, appear a series of new features: the acquisition of main motivations for international banking industry has become the supremacy of merger, acquisition based on the way to the focus has moved eastwardly, merger, the next round of the Asian region, hot will be triggered by the international banking mergers acquisitions of big financial.

当前国际银行业并购的浪潮方兴未艾，呈现出一系列新的特征：并购的主要动机已变成争夺国际银行业的霸主地位，并购的方式以合并为基础，并购的重心已经东移，下一轮并购的热点将是亚洲地区，由银行业并购引发了整个国际金融业的大并购。

The paper reveals problem obstacles,market environment restrictions,the interior motive power and the exterior pressure of system innovation and draws the outline of the policy framework fulfilling the developmental strategies of banking of China in the 21 centuries.

综上所述，本文对经历了近二十年改革的中国银行业目前的制度基础、存在的缺陷及问题、面对外资银行的威胁、改革目标、政策取向进行了深入分析和研究，揭示了中国银行业发展的问题障碍、市场环境约束、制度创新的内在动力及外部压力，从发展、创新和世界经济一体化的视角，勾画了实现中国银行业21世纪发展战略的政策框架。

On the basic assumption of Corporate Heterogeneousness Nature, integrating marketing, finance, economics and other related subjects, the thesis carrys out overall SWOT analysis of our country's banking industry and exactly describes our country's banking ecological overview; the thesis explores the sources and formulating mechanism of marketing competenece of our country's banking industry enterprises; integrating the specificities of bank marketing, especially the banking product's four essential attributes: intangibility, inseparability, inconsistency and inventory, the thesis formulates a bank marketing competence evaluating indicators system that is compatible with the

本文在综合营销学、金融学、经济学和其他相关学科的基础上，以"企业异质性"为基本理论假设，为我国银行业进行了全面的SWOT分析，准确地描绘了我国的银行生态图景；探讨了我国银行业企业营销竞争力的基本来源和形成机理；结合银行营销自身的特殊性，尤其是银行产品的四个本质属性：无形性、不可分割性、非标准性和非存储性，构建了切合我国银行业实际的银行营销竞争力评价体系。

The global banking crisis has given rise to a Manichaean view of banking – retail banking good, investment banking bad.

全球银行业危机让人们对银行业产生了二元论的看法——零售银行业好，投资银行业不好。

This opaqueness makes it more difficult for equity and debt holders to exert corporate governance of banks and it can weaken competitive forces in the product market and the market for corporate control.

除了银行的不透明之外，政府力量在银行部门的存在对于各种公司治理机制有着深刻的影响：存款保险制度或隐性的政府担保降低了债权人监督银行的激励；对银行业的规制和监管限制了银行业的竞争和并购行为：而政府成为银行的所有者则使政府不再是一个独立的监督者，并且极大地削弱了私人部门对银行进行监督的激励，也极大地抑制了银行业的竞争。

I point out that it is special features of bank activities, such as high leverage, opaqueness of portfolios, possibility of bank run and outside safety nets and strict supervision, that makes bank's governance mechanism is different from non-financial enterprises.

我们认为正是银行业的特殊性使得银行业与一般企业的公司治理存在着重大区别。银行业的特殊性主要表现在：高杠杆率、资产组合的不透明性、存款挤兑的可能性以及存在外部安全网和严格的监管，本文从投资者保护的视角试图将这些特殊性纳入一个统一的分析框架。

Based on reviewing the banking reform experience of Eastern European countries, we propose seven propositions on China's banking sector reform and empirically vitrify seven propositions using data from 21 banks between 1999 and 2006 ,then draw final conclusions: foreign banks entry lower the profit rate of hosting country banking industry in short-term, improve host country banking's risk management skills

本文在综述东欧国家银行业改革经验的基础上提出中国银行业改革的七个命题，并用中国24家银行1999-2006年间的数据构建模型进行检验，最后得出结论：短期内外资银行进入导致东道国银行业利润水平下降、风险管理水平上升，在中国的背景下可以认定这是外资银行积极作用开始发挥；外资银行机构数量的增加和持股比重的上升都能刺激中国银行业效率的改进，但是外资银行持股比重的影响更具普遍性；不同类型银行对外资银行进入的反应存在差异，国有商业银行反应比较迟钝而股份制和城市商业银行反应比较迅速。

After a study on Chinese financial practice, we find that though Chinese banking system has high cost and low efficiency, one side, Chinese security market has very low efficiency to overcome asymmetric information and has many unsolved problems in short term that brings very high additional cost, so security market is not a good system to substitute the Chinese banking system and must develop after these problems are solved, on the other hand, the cost of Chinese banking system is mainly exogenously produced, the experiences of western commercial banking practice and the joint-stock reform in some Chinese banks have proved that the efficiency of Chinese banking system can be improved. So one of our conclusions is that China should emphases on the reform and development of the banking system.

一方面，本文通过对中国证券市场的进一步分析，发现中国证券市场制度设计上存在严重不合理，短期内仍然缺乏合适的生存环境，这也导致其过去十多年的超常规发展中不仅具有低的效率，而且形成了许多短期内难以克服的缺陷，这充分表明证券市场不应成为我国金融体系短期内的重点方向，证券市场未来的进一步发展必须以这些问题和缺陷的解决为前提；另一方面，进一步的分析表明，我国银行业目前的巨大成本主要为外生，同时，对西方发达国家银行业发展和我国银行股份制改革的经验总结表明，只要在一定的条件下，银行业的效率完全可以有效提高，因而，中短期内我国应重点对银行业进行改革和发展，尤其是要加快银行业的股份制改革进程。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。