钢筋混凝土的

The relationship between stress and strain of concrete in prestressed concrete bridge s is written as algebraic form within load duration and the equilibrium equations of internal force and compatibility conditions are introduced.

首先将预应力混凝土桥梁中考虑收缩、徐变影响的任意时刻混凝土应力、应变关系在持荷时段内写成代数形式，引入内力平衡方程及变形协调条件后，提出了计入截面上钢筋位置、配筋率、预应力钢筋松弛、混凝土弹性模量随时间变化等影响的徐变效应分析的全量形式自动递进法，并建立了计算式，适用于任何形式的收缩、徐变特性表达式；基于建立的全量形式公式，可方便地求解任意时刻混凝土、钢筋的应力与应变和梁体竖向变形。

It mainly contains the following things. At first, I bring for the way of anchoring two cementing slabs next to by using dog irons made of iron bars and then cover the surface of the road using bituminous concrete. After analyzing the feasibility of this method by using the famous and popular use soft ware ASYS, the results show the magnitude of the temperature stresses on the limited mat coat of the road has nothing to do with the length of the concrete slabs after covering it with bituminous concrete. Meanwhile, the relative horizontal shifting, the flexural-tensile strain, and the vertical shearing stress of the slabs next to it becomes the least after anchoring them with dog irons made of iron. Therefore it proves that it really works to use this method to prevent and slow down the speed of the reflection cracks in the bituminous concrete skin coat over the old road.

首先，提出采用钢筋马钉锚固相邻水泥混凝土板后再进行沥青混凝土罩面的新方法；采用国际著名的通用有限元软件ANSYS对其可行性进行了分析，结果表明在有限尺寸的板上进行沥青混凝土罩面后，罩面结构的温度应力的大小与板的长度几乎没有关系，同时采用钢筋马钉锚固相邻旧水泥混凝土板后，可以明显地减小相邻板的相对水平位移、接缝处罩面层底部的弯拉应变和垂直剪应变，从而表明该法对防止或减缓旧水泥混凝土路面上沥青混凝土罩面层的反射裂缝是确实可行的。

In this Standard, the setting levels for reliability are raised; the contents of high strength concrete are amended; the Grade III steel bar, high strength steel wire and strand are defined as the main stress-undertaking steel bar; the contents of structural analysis and durability design are added and the measures for concrete crack restriction are amended.

混凝土结构设计规范》提高了可靠度的设置水平，补充了高强混凝土，确定了Ⅲ级钢筋及高强钢丝、钢铰线为主导受力钢筋，增加了结构分析及耐久性设计的内容，补充了限制混凝土裂缝的措施。修订后的《混凝土结构设计规范》对保证工程质量，促进技术进步，实现与国际接轨等方面有了重大进展，达到了国际先进水平。主编：李明顺徐有邻

Between this paper and to strengthen strength characteristic between position and original common working effect of structure carry on scientific analysis ruggedized construction, have expounded calculating the working routine that assumed and thestructure strengthened basically of ruggedized construction, then introduced the detailed one to the reinforcement technology of the reinforced concrete structure, have proposed to strengthen the scheme optimum seeking decision method, namely the decision method of fuzzy optimum seeking based on theory of the fuzzy set.

本文对加固结构的受力特征以及加固部位与原结构的共同工作效应进行科学的分析，阐明了加固结构的基本计算假定及结构加固的工作程序，然后对钢筋混凝土结构的加固技术进行了详细的介绍，并提出了加固方案的优选决策方法，即基于模糊集理论的模糊优选决策方法。

One cycle of operation to take Silo body construction, the construction procedure as follows: steel banding to Silo body gantry beams assembled below -→ one-time pouring concrete 700mm high -→ early slide three trips (that is 75mm high)-→ check off the concrete slipform system appropriate degree and working conditions -→ continue pouring concrete 500mm high -→ then slip trip or three -→ pouring concrete to template missing -→ normal sliding each slide or 500mm high -→ stratified cross - lap steel banding -→ pouring concrete 500mm high -→ Waterloo or 500mm high -→ 4 in accordance with the procedure after Silo body pouring until the completion of cycle.

其中筒身施工采取循环作业，其施工程序为：绑扎筒身钢筋至组装好的门架横梁下面—→一次性浇筑混凝土700mm 高—→初滑三个行程（即75mm 高度）—→检查滑出混凝土合适度及滑模系统工作状况—→继续浇筑混凝土500mm 高—→再滑升三个行程—→浇筑混凝土至模板上口—→转入正常滑升，每次滑升500mm 高—→分层交圈绑扎钢筋—→浇筑混凝土500mm 高—→滑升500mm 高—→按后四道程序循环往复直至筒身浇筑完成。

One cycle of operation to take construction, the construction procedure as follows: steel banding to gantry beams assembled below -→ one-time pouring concrete 700mm high -→ early slide three trips (that is 75mm high)-→ check off the concrete slipform system appropriate degree and working conditions -→ continue pouring concrete 500mm high -→ then slip trip or three -→ pouring concrete to template missing -→ normal sliding each slide or 500mm high -→ stratified cross - lap steel banding -→ pouring concrete 500mm high -→ Waterloo or 500mm high -→ 4 in accordance with the procedure after pouring until the completion of cycle.

其中筒身施工采取循环作业，其施工程序为：绑扎筒身钢筋至组装好的门架横梁下面—→一次性浇筑混凝土700mm 高—→初滑三个行程（即75mm 高度）—→检查滑出混凝土合适度及滑模系统工作状况—→继续浇筑混凝土500mm 高—→再滑升三个行程—→浇筑混凝土至模板上口—→转入正常滑升，每次滑升500mm 高—→分层交圈绑扎钢筋—→浇筑混凝土500mm 高—→滑升500mm 高—→按后四道程序循环往复直至筒身浇筑完成。

Based on the multi-layer shell element model that is now widely used in the nonlinear analysis for the shear wall structure,different constitutive models of concrete and reinforcement are discussed in this paper.Selected in this discussion were two models:a new constitutive model for concrete,referred as microplane model,which could precisely simulate the nonlinear behaviors of concrete under complicated stress conditions,and a constitutive model for reinforcement,which could accurately modeling the hysteretic behaviors of the reinforcement.Some shear wall tests were analyzed to demonstrate the precision of the proposed model.

在适用于剪力墙结构非线性分析的分层壳墙单元模型基础上，对其中的混凝土本构模型和钢筋本构模型进行讨论，采用一种能较好的模拟混凝土在多轴复杂应力状态下特性的microplane模型和一种能够全面反映钢筋在往复载荷下各种复杂受力特性的钢筋本构模型，分别模拟混凝土和钢筋的力学行为特征。

Such parameters as the percentage of ordinary reinforcment, amounts and configuration of unbonded prestressed tendons, the ratio of span to depth and the loading patterns were considered. Based on the results, the fomula for the eqivalent length of deformation zone on the beams at ultimate were developed. A simple formula was developed for the ultimate mid-span deflection of concrete beams with concept of equivalent length of deformation zone, and the deformation of beam before internal reinforcement yielding was predicted by the traditional formula for the deformation of partically prestressed concrete beam. Then an analytical model was deduced for analyzing the ultimate stress increment in those concrete beams prestressed with external or internal unbonded tendons based on the mid-span deflection.(4) Testes were carried out on a thin-walled concrete box beam presressed with external CFRP tendons to study its short-term performances under uniform load, long-term behaviors under uniform load, and full-time performance under four-point load in turn.

3以体内非预应力钢筋配筋率、体外预应力筋配筋率、体外预应力筋布置形式、预应力度、跨高比、荷载形式等为参数，用非线性分析程序对体预应力筋混凝土梁进行了参数分析，依据分析结果提出了以综合配筋指标和预应力度为参数的等效变形区长度的计算公式，进而提出了基于等效变形区长度的极限挠度计算公式；体内非预应力钢筋屈服前的挠度计算采用常用的部分预应力混凝土梁挠度计算公式；依据试验和非线性数值计算结果，将不同转向块布置形式的体外预应力混凝土梁简化为跨中一个转向块的体外预应力混凝土梁，推导了基于跨中挠度的体外预应力筋应力增量的简化计算公式。

Such parameters as the percentage of ordinary reinforcment, amounts and configuration of unbonded prestressed tendons, the ratio of span to depth and the loading patterns were considered. Based on the results, the fomula for the eqivalent length of deformation zone on the beams at ultimate were developed. A simple formula was developed for the ultimate mid-span deflection of concrete beams with concept of equivalent length of deformation zone, and the deformation of beam before internal reinforcement yielding was predicted by the traditional formula for the deformation of partically prestressed concrete beam. Then an analytical model was deduced for analyzing the ultimate stress increment in those concrete beams prestressed with external or internal unbonded tendons based on the mid-span deflection.(4) Testes were carried out on a thin-walled concrete box beam presressed with external CFRP tendons to study its short-term performances under uniform load, long-term behaviors under uniform load, and full-time performance under four-point load in turn.

3以体内非预应力钢筋配筋率、体外预应力筋配筋率、体外预应力筋布置形式、预应力度、跨高比、荷载形式等为参数，用非线性分析程序对体预应力筋混凝土梁进行了参数分析，依据分析结果提出了以综合配筋指标和预应力度为参数的等活动房效变形区长度的计算公式，进而提出了基于等效变形区长度的极限挠度计算公式；体内非预应力钢筋屈服前的挠度计算采用常用的部分预应力混凝土梁挠度计算公式；依据试验和非线性数值计算结果，将不同转向块布置形式的体外预应力混凝土梁简化为跨中一个转向块的体外预应力混凝土梁，推导了基于跨中挠度的体外预应力筋应力增量的简化计算公式。

Develop thorough screening programmes to identify the "provincial project quality inspection teams working procedures"; Adjust steel detector, a few concrete Hin resilient devices, infrared ranger, concrete thickness detector, and more than 10 types of screening equipment, equipment; Equipped with cameras, video cameras and other evidentiary materials; requirements for the preparation of inspection units related materials "examined units and personnel original list" for the registration of imported works of the "Project Profile Form" for the inspection of the quality of acts related units "quality checklist" for the inspection of engineering information "Engineering Quality Inspection Records Form" for the inspection of the quality of engineering entities "Housing construction quality inspection log," and "decorative decoration quality inspection log","roads, bridges project quality inspection log," for inspection Liang, panels, pillars location and diameter steel "reinforcement location checklist" for the inspection of the concrete strength "concrete strength resilience testing Form" inspection works for the detection test units "laboratory quality checklist," and "laboratory examination of records in table","quality laboratory testing checklist" for the inspection of ready-mix concrete production enterprise "ready-mix concrete plant quality checklist","ready-mix concrete plant quality inspection records acts table","ready-mix concrete plant quality control inspection log","ready-mix concrete plant product quality inspection and Registration Form" for the examination of relevant personnel to mandatory standards of the "construction standards mandatory testing of the questionnaire table," for statistical findings of the "quality inspection Tables","Engineering Quality Inspection results summary","project quality inspection results tables","Punishment of project quality inspection list","quality check" and the "existence of major problems tables construction standards mandatory testing of the questionnaire tables."

制定周密的检查方案，确定《省工程质量检查组工作程序》；调校钢筋测定仪、混凝土数显回弹仪、红外线测距仪、混凝土板厚测定仪等十余种检查仪器、设备；配备照相机、摄像机等取证器材；编制用于要求受检单位提供有关材料的《受检单位及人员提供原件清单》，用于登记受检工程有关情况的《工程项目概况表》，用于检查相关单位质量行为的《工程质量检查表》，用于检查工程技术资料的《工程质量检查记录表》，用于检查工程实体质量的《房屋建筑工程质量检查记录表》、《装饰装修工程质量检查记录表》、《道路、桥梁工程质量检查记录表》，用于检查梁、板、柱钢筋位置和直径的《钢筋位置检查表》，用于检查混凝土强度的《混凝土强度回弹检测表》，用于检查工程检测试验单位的《试验室工作质量检查表》、《试验室检查记录表》、《试验室检测质量检查表》，用于检查预拌混凝土生产企业的《预拌混凝土厂工作质量检查表》、《预拌混凝土厂质量行为检查记录表》、《预拌混凝土厂质量管理检查记录表》、《预拌混凝土厂产品质量检查登记表》，用于考核相关人员掌握强制性标准情况的《工程建设标准强制性条文问卷考核情况表》，用于统计检查结果的《工程质量检查情况统计表》、《工程质量检查结果汇总表》、《工程质量检查结果统计表》、《工程质量检查处罚情况一览表》、《工程质量检查存在主要问题统计表》和《工程建设标准强制性条文问卷考核情况统计表》。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐