钙化的

After thousands years calcify,the traditional society structure of china isthe greatest resistance of Chinese modernization.Civil society in china isappeared in present age when the traditional structure had not disjoint.

经过几千年"钙化"而成的传统社会结构是阻碍中国走向现代化的体制性原因，而近代中国的市民社会就是在传统社会结构尚未破裂的基础上出现的，加之当时特殊的历史境遇，早期形成的中国市民社会终未逃脱自毁的命运。

However, at least 1 outside observer urged caution in interpreting these findings."The reliability and validity of high-resolution computerized tomography in kidney failure has been questioned," Ell Friedman, MD, nephrologist and Distinguished Teaching Professor of Medicine at the State University of New York Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, told Medscape Nephrology . He cited a recent study by Barraclough et al ( Nephrol Dial Transplant . Published online before print May 1, 2008) showing significant imprecision in HRCT-derived validation of coronary calcification in kidney failure patients, depending on who reads the results.

然而，至少一位以上的外部观察者表示在阐释这些研究发现时必须特别小心，布鲁克林纽约州立大学Downstate医学中心的肾脏学家与卓越教学医学教授Ell Friedman医师向Medscape肾脏学表示，高解析度电脑断层扫描应用於肾脏衰竭上的信度与效度已经受到质疑；他引用最近一项由Barraclough等人（发表於Nephrol Dial Transplant，於2008年5月1日线上发表）的研究结果，显示HRCT延伸的肾脏衰竭病患冠状动脉钙化检验有相当程度的误差，取决於谁判读检验结果。

objective:to explore the clinical value of digital mammography on diagnosis of small breast cancer.methods:we retrospectively analyzed the representation of molybdenum target x-ray in 40 patients with small breast cancer diagnosed by biopsy.result:the molybdenum target x-ray showed nodosity tumor in 17 cases,calcification in 13 cases,density in 8 cases,focal grand architectural distortion in 6 case,single dilated in 3 cases and blood vessel line thickening in 6 case.conclusions:digital mammography is the most important means in the diagnosis of small breast cancer,which can distinguish between different kinds of breast density of different tissues and find small breast lump.the mammography has a high sensitivity in the diagnosis of small breast cancer.

目的：提高对小乳癌影像学的认识。方法：回顾性分析40例经病理证实的小乳癌患者的x线片。结果：x线表现为肿块17例，钙化13例，致密影8例，局部结构紊乱6例，单支导管扩张3例，血管影增多、增粗6例。结论：影像学是小乳癌诊断的最主要手段，能区别乳房各种不同组织的不同密度，能发现较小的乳腺肿块，对于乳腺癌的诊断，乳腺x线钼靶摄片具有较高的灵敏度。

Results The main imaging of adult polycystic kidney disease signs: abdominal plain film (45 cases) showed renal shadow was lobulated increase; cystic wall calcification (14 cases); polycystic kidney disease and renal milk of calcium (8 cases); pelvis angiography (61 cases), the performance of the renal pelvis, renal calices separated, distorted, elongated; retroperitoneal inflatable angiography (6 cases): Performance increases of renal kidney shadow Shadow and the relationship between the neighboring organs, its boundaries clear and identified; CT scan (30 cases): the performance of the majority of the size of the renal low-density areas, ranging from thin-walled circular; B-mode ultrasonography (47 cases) showed a circular echo-free renal multiple classes of liquid dark area .

结果 成人多囊肾的主要影像学征象：腹部平片(45 例)显示肾影呈分叶状增大；囊壁钙化(14例)；多囊肾合并肾钙乳(8例)；肾盂造影(61例)，表现为肾盂、肾盏相互分离、变形、拉长；腹膜后充气造影(6例)：表现为肾影增大肾影与邻近器官之间的关系，其界限清晰可辨；CT扫描(30例)：表现为肾内多数大小不等的薄壁圆形低密度区；B型超声(47例)表现为肾内多个类圆形无回声的液性暗区。结论影像学检查有助于提高多囊肾的诊断的准确性。

Results :①The MVs were formed by osteoblast of the secret type、dentinoblast and process;② There was a mature process of the MVs in the extracellular matrix.The appearance of the hydroxyapatite was a major mature feature;③ HAP formed initially in the MVs entered into collage matrix and eventually mineralized;④ The shifting sign of HAP from MVs to the surface of collage fibril was observed.

结果：①MVs是由分泌型成骨细胞、成牙本质细胞及其突起芽生进入胶原基质；②MVs在细胞外胶原基质中有一个逐渐成熟的过程，并以羟基磷灰石（hydroxyapatite，HAP）晶体的出现为其主要特征；③HAP在MVs内形成、增多，最终进入胶原基质并进一步沉积、钙化；④部分胶原原纤维表面沉积的HAP 晶体与MVs分泌的晶体有明显的移形迹象。

Results There were 8 angiomyolipomas, 2 leiomyomas, 2 multilocular cystic nephromas, 1 hemangioma and 1 mesoblastic nephroma. Only multilocular cystic nephroma and leiomyoma have special characteristics that can be determined from RCC.

典型的平滑肌瘤和多囊性肾瘤在CT上有可与肾癌鉴别的特征性表现：平滑肌瘤为规则圆形，边界清楚，密度均匀，CT值略高于肾实质，无钙化，弱强化；多囊性肾瘤为边界清楚的包块，可见边缘锐利含多个分隔的肿块，分隔之间为囊腔，囊内容物的CT值与水相似或稍高，而错构瘤、海绵状血管瘤、慢性肾脓肿、中胚层肾瘤在CT上无法与肾癌鉴别。

Results: Most synovial sarcomas located in the extremities close to joints. Synovial sarcomas detected by radiography typically appeared as round, oval or multilobulated juxtaarticular soft-tissue masses with calcification in some cases. The most common CT appearance of synovial sarcoma was heterogeneous deep -seated soft-tissue mass with attenuation similar to or slightly lower than that of muscle. On T1WI, synovial sarcomas typically appeared as prominently heterogeneous multilobulated soft tissue masses with signal intensity similar to or slightly higher than that of muscle. On T2WI, synovial sarcomas appeared as prominent heterogeneity with predominantly high signal intensity.

结果：大部分滑膜肉瘤位于关节旁；X线表现为圆形、椭圆形或分叶状软组织肿块，部分可见肿块内钙化；典型的CT表现为较深在的、等或稍低密度不均匀的软组织肿块；磁共振T1WI与肌肉信号相比，滑膜肉瘤表现为分叶状、不均匀、等或稍高信号，T2WI则表现为高信号为主的不均匀信号；DSA呈显著的肿瘤实体染色及新生血管。

objective to study the ct diagnosis of ureteral calculus at the distal end of ureter.methods 82 cases of ureteral caculus were examined by ct scanning.all cases were proved by clinical therapeutic results.results ureteral calculuses were showed as high density image in ct scanning.the ct values of the ureteral calculuses less than 7.5mm in diameter were beyond 83hu.the detection rate by ct was 96.3%.in all the 82 cases,ureteral with calculuses were found dilated and 69 cases with nephrohydrosis.in 13 cases with no nephrohydrosis,caculuses less than 3.8 mm in diameter were found.conclusion ct is the most valuable way to diagnose ureteral calculus at the lower end of ureter.appropriate methods of ct scanning are essential.

目的 回顾性分析输尿管膀胱入口处结石的ct诊断结果，评价其ct检查的临床应用价值。方法分析82例输尿管膀胱入口处结石的ct检查结果，所有病例均经尿道排石证实。结果输尿管膀胱入口处结石具有特征性的ct表现，即圆形或枣核状钙化高密度影，结石直径＜7.5mm，ct值≥83hu，ct确诊率96.3%。82例均发现病侧输尿管增粗，69例发现病侧肾盂少量积水，肾盂未见积水的输尿管膀胱入口处结石13例，其结石直径＜3.8mm。结论 ct检查输尿管膀胱入口处结石具有准确、无创、直观等优点，是诊断输尿管膀胱入口处结石不可替代的检查方法。

Results On conventional CT, pulmonary window revealed widespread intraalveolar calcifications of both lungs concentrating in the subpleural parenchyma of the middle and lower lobes.

结果常规CT表现：肺窗示肺实质内有无数细小散在的粟粒结节，以中下肺的外周部密集，其CT值为200～400HU，多合并不同程度的肺气肿及间质纤维化；纵隔窗示细结节影最密集区常呈沿胸膜的线带状或散在的点簇状钙化，形成&火焰征&及&白描征&。

Materials and Methods The triphasic dynamic enhanced CT findings of 52 patients with renal cell carcinoma were reviewed.

资料与方法回顾性分析52例肾癌患者的三期动态CT扫描资料，对经手术病理证实的透明细胞癌、乳头状癌、嫌色细胞癌3种肾癌亚型图像进行双盲法对比分析，比较肿瘤的大小、强化程度与模式（均匀、不均匀及主要周边强化）、有无钙化、出血、坏死与囊变、肿瘤扩散及淋巴结转移等情况，同时结合患者的性别和年龄，分析3种亚型肾癌之间的影像学差异。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。