钌的

In recent years, with the development of various good catalysts especially the ruthenium alkylidenes bearing N-heterocyclic carbene ligands, the RCM reaction has been applied widely in the synthesis of complex organic molecules, biological molecules and natural products etc. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005 goes to Yves Chauvin, Robert H.

近二，三十年来，随着各种性能优良的催化剂的不断发展，尤其是含氮杂环卡宾配体的钌催化剂的出现，关环复分解反应在合成复杂有机分子，生物活性大分子以及天然产物等方面已得到了极为广泛的应用。2005 年的诺贝尔化学奖分别授予了 Yves Chauvin，Robert H。

Lanthanides belong to the sixth cycle of the periodic table Ⅲ B family, are all solid metal, they are La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium were 15 kinds of metals and their periphery are two layers of electronic 5d16s2, while the peripheral third layer f orbital but never zero to 14, so the external electronic structure of 4f0-145d16s2, and therefore these elements in oxidation number are to 3, very close chemical properties, extraction, when it is difficult to separate them they are mostly multi-element mineral mix, more difficult to increase refining, and their atomic number of 57-71, one by one to increase the number of protons the nucleus, and thus extranuclear electron of gravity is also growing, so that atomic radius decreases with increasing atomic number Z, which makes lanthanides contraction, ionic radius is also reduced, which also makes Zr, Hf, Nb and Ta, Mo and W, the atom and ionic radius very close to each other they also determine a similar nature, resulting in difficult separation, also the tribe Ⅷ of the fifth cycle, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, and the sixth cycle, osmium, iridium, platinum is very similar in nature, thus The six elements, said platinum group elements.

镧系元素属于周期表第六周期中ⅢB族，全部是固体金属，它们是镧、铈、镨、钕、钷、钐、铕、钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、铥、镱和镥共十五种金属元素，它们的外围两层的电子均是5d16s2，而外围第三层的f轨道电子却从零增加到14个，所以外围电子结构为4f0－145d16s2，而使这些元素氧化数均为＋3，化学性质极为接近，提炼时很难分开，它们的矿石又大多是多种元素混在一起的，更增加提纯难度，它们的原子序数为57－71，核内质子数逐个增加，因而对核外电子引力也不断增强，使原子半径随原子序数Z增加而减小，这就使镧系元素收缩、离子半径也缩小，这也使得Zr和Hf，Nb和Ta、Mo和W等原子和离子半径都很接近、也决定了它们彼此性质类似，以致难以分离、也使第Ⅷ族中第五周期的钌、铑、钯和第六周期的锇、铱、铂在性质上极为相似，因而称这六个元素为铂系元素。

In order to develop an useful synthestic process, we have synthesized amides with various substitutents. The isoquinoline skeleton was constructed through Bischler-Napieralski reaction, followed by asymmetric reduction of the imine intermediates with a Ru complex to form the only chiral center. Finally, we connected the two phenyl groups by Heck reaction and effectively obtained optically active aporphine alkaloids.

为了发展一套实用的合成方法，我们首先制备於苯环上具有不同种取代基的苯乙醯胺，接著透过Bischler-Napieralski反应进行分子内合环，并利用钌金属对亚胺中间体进行不对称的还原反应，建立出产物中唯一的光学活性中心，最后再利用Heck反应连结两个苯环，就可以顺利得到具有光学选择性的阿朴吩类天然物。

Generally the catalysts have high activity and good selectivity. At present the coupling reactions of organoborahes with terminal olefins s acid chlorides and aryl halides play an important synthetic approaches in organoborane chemical. The catalysts can be used by many kinds of organometal compounds such as: irons cobalt nickel ruthenium rhodium palladiums titaniums zirconiums tins indium and lithium organic compounds; The achievement has been amazed in preparing of unsaturated or saturated compounds and in synthesizing of natural products bioactive molecules and chiral compounds.

目前，卤代烃与不饱和烃的偶联反应和有机硼试剂与酰卤和卤代烃的偶联反应已成为有机合成的研究热点，此类反应可用铁、钴、镍、钌、铑、钛、锆、锡、铟、锂等多种有机金属化合物来催化，用于形成含饱和或不饱和C-C键的化合物，并已在天然产物、液晶、具有生理活性物质和手性化合物的合成中应用。

But the levels of 〓 elevation were lower than that in normal Tyrode's solution (P＜0.01 respectively), indicating that Ca〓 influx did contribute to the elevation of 〓. Ryanodine remarkably blocked the 〓 elevation by Str 1, 100nmol/L and 10μmol/L in normal Tyrode's solution, while ryanodine 10μmol/L, ruthenium red 10μmol/L and caffeine 10 mmol/L completely blocked the effects of Str on 〓 elevation in Ca〓- free Tyrode's solution (P＜0.01 respectively).

去除细胞外液中的钙离子，Str 1，100nmol/L和10μmol/L仍能分别升高〓到13±5％，71±8％和145±14％，但幅度低于其在正常台氏液中的作用。10μmol/L的ryanodine，10μmol/L钌红或10mmol/L咖啡因均可完全阻断Str 1，100nmol/L和10μmol/L在无钙台氏液中的作用(P＜0.01)。

RESULTS: Both HPC and treatment with ruthenium red (5 μmol/L) during the first 10 min reoxygenation improved recovery of LVDP,±dp/dtmax and decreased LVEDP, which was associated with reduced infarct size and lactate dyhydrogenase release.

用TTC染色法测心肌梗死面积。结果：低氧预处理和低氧后复氧期的前10 min用钌红（5 μmol/L）处理均可促进LVDP、±dp/dtmax和LVEDP的恢复，减小心肌梗死面积，减少LDH释放。复氧期的前10 min用精胺(20 μmol/L)处理可减弱低氧预处理的心脏作用。

However, no additive effect could be found when caffeine and ETX were concomitantly incubated. Ruthenium red, which is a blocker of cation channels and perhaps a blocker of CICR, could inhibit the effects of caffeine and ETX by 94% and 80%, respectively.〓, replacing 〓 in Kreb's solution, inhibited ETX-evoked CGRP release by 82%. Ryanodine (1-100μM) or Tris-ATP had no effect on both basal and ETX-induced CGRP release.

钌红能分别抑制咖啡因或内毒素引起的CGRP释放，如以氯化镁代替Kreb's液中的氯化钙时，内毒素引起的CGRP释放可降低82%，Ryanodine 1-100μmol/L或Tris-ATP对CGRP基础释放和内毒素引起的CGRP释放均未见明显影响。

The result using inhibitors of Ca〓 channels supported above observation. When Ca〓 channels in plasma membrane were blocked by LaCl〓, verapamil or nifedipine, and the Ca〓 channels in endomembranes opened naturally, extracellular CaM couldn't induce 〓 increase. When Ca〓 channels in endomembranes were blocked by ruthenium red and the Ca〓 channels in plasma membrane opened naturally, extracellular CaM induced Ca〓 increase in guard cells, but the extent of Ca〓 increase was lower than that of control.

使用质膜Ca〓通道抑制剂LaCl〓、异博定、尼群地平及细胞内Ca〓通道抑制剂钌红的结果支持这种推测：在质膜Ca〓通道被阻断、细胞内Ca〓通道仍正常开放的情况下，保卫细胞〓不能被CaM诱导增加；细胞内Ca〓通道被抑制、质膜Ca〓通道正常开放的条件下，细胞外CaM诱导保卫细胞内〓升高的幅度不能达到不使用Ca〓通道抑制剂的水平。

Generation I type capacitors having electrodes comprised of ruthenium oxide and an aqueous electrolyte were investigated extensively during the past 25 years but have never reached commercial scale production, primarily, because of cost issues.

第一代的电容器电极上负载了氧化钌，采用水溶液电解质，在过去的25年中开展了广泛的研究，但是从来没有商业化的密封产品出现，只要原因是因为价格因素。

To characterize the metal oxide nanocomposite electrode, a cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance test are executed. This study also reports a hybrid capacitor, which consists of cobalt oxide composite as a cathode and ruthenium oxide composite as an anode.

实验表明复合电极具有良好的电化学特性，碳纳米管基体在显著降低氧化钴、氧化钌电极材料阻抗的同时还提高了电极材料的电化学容量并改善了电极材料的电化学可逆性。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。