量子态

In this scheme, the description of unitary evolution and quantum measurement is unified and the quantum control operation is represented by probability state transition. The algorithm works as follows. At first a measurement is applied on the system. If the state after collapse is not the desired eigenstate, then system evolution will go on. After a period of time, the system is measured again. The process will go on like this until we get the desired eigenstate by measurement. Finally the system is driven to the target state with admissible control as before.

4把本征态能控性概念进一步向前发展，提出了概率能控性的概念，将幺正演化和量子测量这两种量子控制手段统一的用概率状态转移来描述，并针对一类特殊的本征态能控的系统，提出了幺正演化和测量交替进行的量子反馈控制策略：如果单步测量所得到的本征态不是期望的本征态，则让系统以这一本征态作为新的初态进行下一步的幺正演化，然后在适当的时候再次测量，让系统塌缩到某一本征态，如此重复进行，直到达到期望的目标态为止。

Next, in the scheme for teleportation of an arbitrary multipartite GHZ-class state by one EPR pair, only one EPR pair and 3 classical bits are needed, which greatly lessens the oppressiveness of both quantum and classical channels. Then, in the scheme for deterministic, unilateral and controlled teleportation via cavity QED, Alice can determinately send her state to anyone of her agents, whereas the agents can not, with the channel being noiseless. What the agents can do is just to control the teleporting process, which enhance the security of the communication.Besides,based on the schemes discussed above,it is easy to see the character of an entangled state which can accomplish deterministic teleportation via cavity QED.

利用一个EPR对实现n-体类-GHZ态的量子隐形传态方案，整个通讯过程只需要一个EPR对和3 cbits的经典信息，大大节省了物理资源，缓解信道压力；利用非对称类-W态实现确定的单向受控量子隐形传态，在没有噪声的条件下，Alice可以将量子信息准确无误地发送给任一个客户，但每一个客户只能控制配合整个信息的传输过程，客户之间不能实现确定的信息传递，这样便保证了信息的安全性。

The maximum absorption peak was at long wavelength (＞650nm), extinction coefficient achieves 10〓 degree, which was one degree higher than HpD. The study has revealed that CPD photosensitizer appeared blue movement under the relevant body environment. The spectra parameters provided basis for selecting light source of PDT. Measurement system which measured singlet oxygen and its quantum yields within the infare range had been set up and the quantum yields of singlet oxygen for CPD were reported: the quantum yields of singlet oxygen for CPD〓 was the highest (φ=0.83) while he quantum yields of singlet oxygen for CPD〓 was the lowest (φ=0.83). Photobleaching's half life time was studied.

给出了此类光敏剂的光谱指认和光谱参数：其吸收光谱峰值位于长波红光区(＞650nm)，摩尔消光系数达10〓LmoL〓cm〓量级，比血卟啉衍生物高出一个数量级；研究揭示了此类光敏剂在近似体内环境下光吸收的蓝移现象，为光动力治疗光源的选择提供了依据；建立了在近红外光谱区中测定敏化单态氧的光谱和量子产率测量系统，报导了该类光敏剂敏化单态氧的量子产率，其中CPD〓的单态氧量子产率最高(φ＝0.83)，CPD〓的单态氧量子产率最低(φ＝0.51)；测定了二氢卟吩类光敏剂的光漂白半衰期。

Based on the project requirements, the research has focused on the confined electronic states in the semiconductor surface quantum wells. The moden quantum theory and advanced material growth technology have been used. The interband transitions in the surface quantum well have been studied by the in-situ photo-modulated reflection spectroscopy combined with the molecular beam epitaxy system. The optical transitions, including the tansition between ground or excited states of the electron and hole states, have been directly observed.

根据项目任务书的要求，本项研究在现代量子理论与先进材料生长技术基础上对半导体表面量子阱阱结构中的受限电子能态进行系统的光谱实验与理论研究，通过与分子束外延设备直接耦合的光调制光谱手段在原子层量级上直接观测到了表面量子阱中本征能态间的光跃迁特性，其中包括基态间的跃迁和激发态间的跃迁。

Taking the problems stated above into account, the schemes for preparation of entangled states, quantum teleportation and remote state preparation are mainly discussed in this dissertation. The main results are as follows:(1) A scheme is proposed for preparation of the symmetrical W state and two kinds of unsymmetrical W-class states via cavity QED system.

基于以上想法，本文着重对纠缠态的制备、量子隐形传态和量子远程态制备两种量子信息远程传输方式进行研究，主要研究成果如下：(1)提出在腔QED中实现n-体对称W态及两种非对称类-W态制备方案。

In summary, we have shown clearly that the formation of QWS can dramatically influence the growth, the electron density of states near the Fermi level, and the physical properties of thin films, such as superconductivity, thermal expansion and electron-phonon coupling.

总之，在本论文中，我们直接证明了量子阱态的形成显著地改变了薄膜费米面附近的电子态密度，观察到了一系列由于量子阱态的形成而导致的薄膜的有趣性质，如超导电性、热膨胀系数、电声子耦合强度等物理参数的量子振荡。

Our article mainly discussed the preparation of entangled states and the application of entangled states in quantum communication, including practical scheme for remote state preparation of a photon-photon entangled state, generation and concentration of multi-atom entangled states, practical protocol for telecloning quantum states and protocol for multi-party superdense coding by using multi-atom in cavity QED.This article has several objectives.

本文主要研究了量子纠缠态的制备及纠缠态在量子通信中的应用，包括远程制备光子-光子纠缠态，产生和浓缩多原子纠缠态，利用纠缠态进行远程克隆以及通过腔QED实现多组份密集编码的方案。

On the basis of the concept of perfect quantum gas, a physical model of extreme relativity is established for perfect quantum gas, and also according to the conclusions of the state density of the extreme theory of relativity, the densities of quantum statistics′ particle numbers and energy, the extreme relativity′s result of the enthalpy、internal energy and heat capacity of the perfect quantum gas is obtained under the high temperature by strict theory inference.

在理想量子气体概念的基础上，首先建立极端相对论理想量子气体的物理模型；再根据极端相对论的态密度和量子统计的粒子数、能量的密度结论，通过严格的理论推导，得出理想量子气体在高温条件下的极端相对论性的焓、内能和热容量的结果，并将其热容量与高温条件下的理想量子气体、经典理想气体的热容量对比，指出极端相对论与非相对论两种模型、理想量子气体与经典理想气体两种模型的热容量之间的差异，同时分析这些差异的物理原因在于各自气体模型的态密度以及对应体系的波函数的对称性；最后阐明高温条件下极端相对论理想量子气体的热容量在量子统计方面的先进性及应用前景。

Finally it clarifies the advance in quantum statistics and the practical prospect of heat capacity of the extreme relativity's perfect quantum gas under high tamperature.

摘 要：在理想量子气体概念的基础上，首先建立极端相对论理想量子气体的物理模型；再根据极端相对论的态密度和量子统计的粒子数、能量的密度结论，通过严格的理论推导，得出理想量子气体在高温条件下的极端相对论性的焓、内能和热容量的结果，并将其热容量与高温条件下的理想量子气体、经典理想气体的热容量对比，指出极端相对论与非相对论两种模型、理想量子气体与经典理想气体两种模型的热容量之间的差异，同时分析这些差异的物理原因在于各自气体模型的态密度以及对应体系的波函数的对称性；最后阐明高温条件下极端相对论理想量子气体的热容量在量子统计方面的先进性及应用前景。

As to the higher Landau levels, we conducted systematically calculations for the various possible ground states, such as the Laughlin liquid, the composite fermion liquid, the Wigner crystal, and the charge density wave . We find that when the Landau level index N≥2, the fractional quantum Hall states are ruled out and the CDW and Wigner crystal dominate. An exception occurs at around v=4+1/6, where the composite fermion liquid may be more energetically preferable than the CDW and the Wigner crystal states. This result provides a new explanation to the so-called re-entrant integral quantum Hall effect. In fact, the feature of isotropically metallic property at this filling is discerned from the experiment.

对于高朗道能级，我们对各种可能的基态，比如量子霍耳态，复合费米子流体，Wigner晶体，电荷密度波等，做了系统的计算，我们发现，当朗道能级N≥2时，分数量子霍耳态不再出现，Wigner晶体和电荷密度波将占主导地位，一个例外就是在ν=4+1/6附近，复合费米子流体可能出现在从Wigner晶体到电荷密度波晶体之间，该结果为上述的重进入整数量子霍耳效应现象提出了一种新的解释。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。