量子化的

Moreover, it was successfully linked with lactobionic acid through amine groups on the surface of particles, and used to recognize living liver cells successfully.(3) In order to simplify the proceeding of preparation of silica-coated qdots, a novel one-pot method using 3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane as a capping molecule was proposed for the first time. Furthermore, amine and phosphonate groups were also modified on the surface of silica-coated qdots simultaneously. This was the first time the synthesis and the surface modification of qdots were performed in the same system.

3在前一部分工作的基础上，进一步简化量子点的合成与包壳步骤，以MPS为稳定剂，制备了硅壳包被的CdTe量子点，并在硅壳外同步修饰氨基及磷酸基团，首次成功实现了量子点的合成与表面的功能化修饰在同一体系中进行，从而制得了水溶性的、表面带有氨基和磷酸基团的硅壳型CdTe量子点。

the quantization of photon exprees the process of the quatization producing, energy was quantizated by studing black body radiation, that studies two experiments about the quantization of photon: photoelectric effect and compton effect.

光的量子性阐述了量子性产生的过程，通过对黑体辐射的研究把能量量子化，从而研究了光量子性的两个实验：光电效应和康普顿效应。

However, Marshall[1] derived the Planck's black body radiation formula from classical theory without any quantum hypothesizes, and also She[2,3] derived directly the quantization of light energy in vacuum and the Planck radiation formula from classical electromagnetic theory.

可是，英国科学家Marshall却不借助任何量子假设而仅仅依靠经典理论就导出了Planck的黑体辐射公式[1]，中国科学家She也不依靠任何量子理论而仅仅根据经典理论就直接导出了真空中光能量的量子化，还能顺利导出Planck的黑体辐射公式[2，3]。

In this course we shall develop theoretical methods suitable for the description of the many-body phenomena, such as Hamiltonian second-quantized operator formalism, Greens functions, path integral, functional integral, and the quantum kinetic equation.

在本课程中，我们将会建立一种适合描述多体问题的理论方法，诸如哈密顿二次量子化算子形式、格林函数、路径积分、泛函积分和量子动力方程等。

The common method of finding normal coordinate for the multidimensional linear microvibration;2. Then,it introduces the normal coordinate and its operator.

文章首先通过研究做简谐振动的简谐振子提出了量子化模型，然后引入简正坐标，使其简正坐标算符化，最后得到晶格振动的量子化。

For one-dimensional mesoscopic metal rings system in external magnetic field, supposing the system has a symmetry under translation in charge space, the quantum current relation in mesoscopic metal rings is given by solving the eigenvalue equation of the current, the property of quantum current have been investigated and analysed.

针对处于外磁场中的一维介观环系统，假设在电荷空间中具有变换的对称性，通过求解电流算符的本征值方程，给出系统中的量子电流关系，分析和研究一维介观金属环中量子电流的性质。结果表明，量子电流不仅与外磁场、介观金属环参数有关，而且还明显地依赖于电荷的量子化性质

Starting from the classical motion equation of a domain wall in the ferromagnetic system, the analytic wavefunction was obtained by using canonical quantization method and unitary transformation .

从铁磁畴的能量方程出发，利用正则量子化方法和么正变换技术，解析地求得了磁畴量子化运动的波函数。

It is found that for a properly chosen zeroth order Hamiltonian, under adiabatic approximation, the result of quantization for both the chaotic state and the regular state has the similar precision.

本论文主要进行了如下工作：运用绝热定理的方法研究耦合系统混沌态的半经典量子化，发现对于合适选择的零级哈密顿量，经典混沌态和规则态的量子化结果，在绝热近似下有相同的精度。

The story of the quantum revolution has been told so many times that it has become as ritualized as the stations of the cross. How Max Planck, faced with some curious observations about hot glowing objects, reluctantly proposed that light is sputtered out in packets — the quanta. How Albert Einstein , seeing deeper, realized that light must also travel that way, that its waves were also particles. How Bohr brought the graininess into the atom, with electrons hopping between orbits in quantum jumps. How Heisenberg, marooning himself on the bleak isle of Helgoland, saw that there were no orbits, that what happened inside atoms was different from anything that could be pictured by a human brain.

量子革命的故事已讲述过很多遍，就象讲述耶稣受难经过的画像一样已经仪式化，诸如：马克斯·普朗克面对炽热物体一些不寻常的观测数据，如何艰难地提出辐射是一单元一单元地射出的，这种最小的单元即能量子；爱因斯坦观察得更深刻一些，如何意识到光线也是这样运行的，光波也是粒子；玻尔如何利用量子跃迁过程中电子在轨道之间来回跳跃，来揭示原子的多微粒结构；海森堡自我流放到阴冷的赫尔戈兰岛上，如何观察到原子内部并没有轨道，其内部所发生的情况不同于人脑可想象出的任何情况。

Furthermore, the FJ method is compared with Dirac method and the results indicate that the two methods are equivalent in the quantization of this system.

进而把FJ方法和Dirac方法进行了比较，发现在对此系统的量子化中，两种方法所给出的量子化结果完全是等价的。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。