酸基

The optimal reaction conditions were as follows: the molar ratio of propanol to acid was 1:1, the mass ratio of the catalyst used to p-nitrobenzoate was 6%.

合成硝基卡因的最佳工艺条件为：醇酸比为1：1，催化剂的用量为对硝基苯甲酸的6%，在回流温度下反应14h，产率达到79.5%。

Contained acrylamide propenyl disulfide and II and II propenyl disulfide and cyclic sulfide Alliin are higher than white garlic more than doubled.

所含丙烯二硫化物和二丙烯基二硫化物和二丙烯基硫化物及环蒜氨酸都高出白皮大蒜一倍以上。

Synthesis of pyruvic acid from lactic acid by catalytic oxidation with oxygen was studied. The effect of catalyst composition, amount of catalyst and oxygen, reaction temperature and time on product yield was investigated and the optimum conditions were found.

由于丙酮酸的分子中同时具有羰基和羧基两个官能团，因而反应中心多而显出比一般化合物更为重要和特殊的化学性质，已引起越来越多的化学工作者的重视。

Objective: through various chemical synthesis target compounds 4 -- 6 - the - 7 -(2 - hydroxyl replace c oxygen radicals) quinazoline compounds were synthesized and the structure of the modified, so as to get high epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

目的：通过各种化学合成方法完成目标化合物4--6-甲氧基-7-(2-羟基取代丙氧基)喹唑啉的合成并对目标化合物进行结构修饰，以期获得高活性的表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂。

By using the a device being similar to water segregator and by controlling the temperature, cyclization of the intermediate product in chloroform reduced carbonization and gave 2-dodecaneanthraquinane in 68.1% yielding.

以十二烷基苯和苯酐为起始原料，经酰基化、关环和磺化三步反应合成了3-十二烷基蒽醌磺酸；并进一步改进和优化了合成工艺条件：即在催化剂三氯化铝过量50%并有三乙胺存在的条件下，中间体2-（4-十二烷基苯甲酰基）苯甲酸收率为72.45%；关环反应采用氯仿作溶剂，利用类似分水器的装置有效控制反应温度以减少碳化，2-十二烷基蒽醌的收率为68.1%。

The synthesis of the pentacyclic skeleton of Et-743 and the construction of the five chiral centers thereof.1. The core pentacyclic skeleton of phthalascidin was constructed with L-dopa as the starting material via thirteen steps. First, two basic synthons, the C-1 functionalized tetrahydroisoquinoline compounds 8 and N-protected Z-dopa derivative 9, were prepared from L-dopa. They were coupled via amide bond to form the dipeptide compounds 10, which were the first key intermediates. Then the primary hydroxyl groups were transformed into the corresponding amino aldehydes 11 via Swern oxidation. Followed by the intramolecular Pictet-Spengler cyclization, the pentacyclic compounds 12 were synthesized.

五环骨架的构建及五个正确手性中心的确立：1.1我们以L-多巴为起始原料，经过多步官能团保护和转化合成了基本结构单元8然后和苯丙氨酸衍生物9，通过缩合反应生成酰胺中间体10，经Swern氧化得到醛化合物11，然后再次利用分子内改良的Pictet-Spengler反应一步构建c，d两环，得到五环骨架化合物12，最后，实现了21-位羰基向氰基的转化，得到了C-1位官能化的化合物14，化合物14不但具有和Et-743一致的五环骨架，而且分子中五个手性中心立体构型也与其完全相同：其中，3，位和13，位的手性中心由原料L-多巴带入，而1，位，11，位和21，位手性中心则通过不对称诱导而确立。

He minim acidity in TS-1 can catalyze the solvolysis reaction of PO to propylene glycol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol and 2-methoxy-1-propanol.

S-1中含有的微量酸中心能够导致环氧丙烷与溶剂反应生成丙二醇、1-甲氧基-2-丙醇和2-甲氧基-1-丙醇。

During these years (1997-2000) in the research area of annonaceous acetogenins 5 natural products and a number of chiral-pure analogs of annonaceous acetogenins have been synthesized using sugars as the starting materials. Their high activity and selectivity against cell line of colon tumor and a relationship between activity and configuration have been found too. In the respect of inhibitor of sialidase two new methodologies for the synthesis of chiral-pure 3-deoxy-ulosonic acid using hetero-Diels-Alder reaction or asymmetric propargylation as the key reaction were developed. On the topic of anti-leukemia marine natural product clavulactone a synthetic method based on the free radical cyclization and starting from sugar has been developed. In other title of PKC inhibited agent sphingosine a new synthetic route with SN2' as the key reaction has also been disclosed.

项目期间（1997-2000）在番荔枝内酯方面从糖出发合成了五个天然产物和一批手性纯的类似物，它们对肠癌细胞有很高的活性和选择性，并与构型有关；在唾液酸酶抑制剂方面发展了二类全新手性纯高碳糖的合成方法－杂原子D－A反应或丙炔基不对称加成为关键的反应；抗白血病海洋天然产物群柱虫内酯方面研究了由糖出发和自由基环化反应的合成方法；对PKC 起抑制作用的鞘氨醇方面也开创了新的合成途径－由糖出发并以SN2'反应为关键反应。

Specifically, we will (1) perform electrophysiological study on the interaction of CTXs with cardiomyocytes stripped of specific GAGs,(2) study the binding of CTXs from spitting cobra venom with corneal tissue and examine the possible involvement of GAGs in the disruption of regular superstructure of collagen fibril and (3) examine the role of polyproline peptide sequence of P-type CTXs in the lytic action of CTXs. The results of this study will not only help delineate the mechanism of cobra CTXs, a long standing problem in the toxicity of cobra venom, but also suggest a new approach to develop CTXs into a potential drug for cancer.

本计划将进行：心脏细胞在去除醣胺基前后的电生理研究及比较了解心脏毒素与眼角膜的结合情形，并探讨醣胺基在维持眼角膜透明度所扮演的角色探讨P形心脏毒素中所含脯胺酸对细胞溶离能力的影响我们预期本研究将可对心脏毒素的作用机制有深入的了解，并寄望在未来能利用所了解的新作用机制，将心脏毒素发展成能控制癌症的新药方。

Disulfide bridge In PROTEINS, a covalent bond formed between the sulfhydryl groups of different cysteine molecules.

二硫桥：在蛋白质中两个半胱氨酸残基的两个巯基之间形成的共价键。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。