酸化的

Eight kinds of solid acid catalysts for esterification of acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol are studied in this paper.

本文研究了8种固体酸催化剂催化乙酸与异戊醇的酯化反应，结果表明：FeCl3。

After comparing six methods of embedment of cells, we chose calcium alginate and K-carrageenan to immobilize the cells.

比较了六种包埋法后，采用海藻酸钠和卡拉胶两种材料进行细胞的固定化。

The thermal inactivation of penicillin amidase entrapped in AOT/isooctane reversed micelles was studied in detail.

研究了青霉素酰化酶在二-(2-乙基己基)琥珀酸双酯磺酸钠/异辛烷反胶团中的稳定特性。

E. 3-allyloxyisothiazole and N-allylisothiazolone, were synthesized with 3-mercaptopropionate as the starting material through ammonolysis, cyclization and allylation reactions.

以3-巯基丙酸甲酯为原料，经氨解、关环、烯丙基化合成了2种含有不饱和侧链的异噻唑类化合物，分别为3-烯丙氧基异噻唑和N-烯丙基异噻唑啉酮。

Alternatiely, the induction of anergy results in markedly less S6 kinase 1 Thr(421)/Ser(424) phosphorylation and CD71 surface expression.

换之，无能可导致明显地S6激酶1在421位苏氨酸/424位丝氨酸磷酸化和CD71胞膜表达的减少。

The dissertation mainly consists of two parts:1. The Reaction Chemistry of Alkynes under Palladium Catalysis Part 1 studies the reaction α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with alkenylpalladium intermediate generated by nucleopalladation, and discovered 1 the Pd-catalyzed tandem addition reaction of halides, alkynes and α,β-unsaturated carbonyls,2 the four-component tandem addition reaction of halides, alkynes and α,β-unsaturated carbonyls, 3 the tandem intramolecular oxypalladation-conjugate additionreaction of alkynoic acids with α,β-enals. These new reactions provide notonly efficient highly stereoselective methods for the synthesis of γ,δ-unsaturated,polyunsaturated carbonyl compounds and γ-lactonic aldehydes, but also thebasic transformations for a number of C-C bond formation reactions which can be usedto design synthesis of many acyclic, cyclic or polycyclic compounds.

本论文的主要工作分为两个部分：一、钯催化下炔烃的反应化学在本小组前人工作的基础上，我们详细研究了炔烃亲核钯化产生的烯基钯中间体与α，β-不饱和羰基化合物的反应，发现两价钯催化下卤离子-炔烃-α，β-不饱和醛酮的串联加成反应、卤离子-炔烃-α，β-不饱和醛酮的西组分串联加成及炔酸分子内氧钯化-串联Michael型加成反应；由此发展了γ，δ-不饱和醛酮、多不饱和羰基化合物和带有醛酮基侧链的γ-丁内酯衍生物的高立体选择性合成方法，这一过量卤离子存在下的烯基钯对α，β-不饱和羰基化合物共轭加成反应的发现，为大量碳-碳键形成反应的实现提供了基础，使我们能够从这一基本反应出发，设计和开发多种分子内、分子间的碳碳成键反应，以好的立体、区域选择性组建开链、环状及多环类型的化合物。

Work 工作:(1) feasible process development for high-pure tetraalkyphosphonium salt as catalysts for polymerizations, potential sale 2-4 million us$;(2) simple and feasible preparation process for phosphonium salt as ionic liquids, biocides and phase transfer catalysts;(3) new and industrially feasible processes for highly sterically hindered alkylphosphines as catalyst ligands, these include tricyclohexyl-phosphine, phosphorinanes and dsmphos2,3- bis(9-phosphabicyclononylbutane;(4) sterically hindered dialkylphosphinic acid as new generation of co/ni extractant;(5) alkylphosphonium wittig reagents and the wittig reactions with them;(6) exploration of the application of borane chemistry in the synthesis of highly sterocally hindered organophosphines;(7) customer preparation of samples of a variety of organophosphorus compounds for customers all over the world.

用作高分子聚合反应催化剂的高纯度四烷基瞵盐的实用生产流程。产品销售前景 2-4 百万美元；(2)用作离子化液体，杀菌剂和相转移催化剂的烷基瞵盐的简单实用合成方法；(3)高位阻烷基磷化氢催化剂配体的工业实用合成路线的研究，这包括，三环己烷基磷， phosphorinanes 和 dsmphos 2，3-bis(9-phosphabicyclononylbutane ；(4)高位阻二烷基膦酸金属萃取剂的工业实用合成路线的研究；(5)烷基膦 wittig 反应试剂的研究；(6)硼化学在高位阻烷基磷化氢合成中的应用；(7)为世界各地提供顾客合成服务。

Base played a crucial role in this reaction: in the Pd2/L1 catalyzed α-arylation of ethyl malonate, K3PO4 is the base of choice; in the α-arylation of ethyl acetoacetate, K2CO3 is the most effective base.

在这类催化反应中，碱的选择具有重要的影响：以K3PO4为碱， Pd2/L1催化体系在丙二酸二乙酯的α-芳基化中，富电子溴代芳烃显示较好的活性； Pd2/L1催化的乙酰乙酸乙酯α-芳基化时，以 K2CO3为碱，催化体系显示较好的活性，这个催化体系可控制反应得到α-芳基乙酰乙酸乙酯，而不是脱乙酰基的产物。

Base played a crucial role in this reaction: in the Pd2/L1 catalyzed α-arylation of ethy malonate, K3PO4 is the base of choice; in the α-arylation of ethyl acetoacetate, K2CO3 is the most effectiv base.

在这类催化反应中，碱的选择具有重要的影响：以K3PO4为碱，Pd2/L1催化体系在丙二酸二乙酯的α-芳基化中，富电子溴代芳烃显示较好的活性；Pd2/L1催化的乙酰乙酸乙酯α-芳基化时，以K2CO3为碱，催化体系显示较好的活性，这个催化体系可控制反应得到α-芳基乙酰乙酸乙酯，而不是脱乙酰基的产物。

Doped AgBr emulsion had an optimal amount with AgBr to silver stearate of 1∶4 in PTG materials.

由Zou以及Sahyun[1]等人在早期报道的，粘合剂采用溶剂型聚乙烯醇缩丁醛，卤化银采用原位法合成时的PTG材料的化学增感无效，照相速度的提高总伴随着灰雾的增加；他们认为当卤化银颗粒与羧酸银有界面存在时，传统化学增感的效果不明显；由Yamane[2]等人于近期报道的

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。