酒石酸

The organic acids in liquor are classified into volatile acids and involatile acids .

白酒中有机酸分为挥发酸和不挥发酸，白酒中的不挥发酸有乳酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸等。

Chiral centers of C5 and C8 are directly constructed in the key step of the diastereoselective propargylation from D--tartrate. The methylation and subsequent methoxycarbonylation result in desymmetrization of the terminal dialkynes. The α,β-unsaturated δ-lactone is synthesized after partial hydrogenation and lactonization.

由非天然酒石酸出发，利用双向非对映选择性的炔丙基化反应，在一步反应中同时构建C5和C8手性中心；然后通过末端炔基的甲基化、甲酯基化，延长碳链并对分子去对称化；内酯化得到关键中间体α，β-不饱和六元内酯，再经多步反应转化得到8-epi--Boronolide。

The pot experiment was carried out to study the effect of different organic acids, EDTA, citric acid, oxalic acid and malic acid, on mobilization of Cu in soil and Cu uptake by Leersia hexandra Swartz.

文章采用盆栽试验研究了EDTA、柠檬酸、草酸和酒石酸对土壤中Cu的活化和李氏禾吸收Cu的影响。

The results indicated that the concentration of Cu in the soil is 220.16 mgkg^(-1) contrast to the CK 500.31 mgkg^(-1) significantly decrease when the concentration of EDTA in the soil is 2 mmolkg^(-1) that explains EDTA treatment significantly decreased soluble Cu content in soil because of translating into Cu of water distill floating on the surface of soil and most accumulating around root. Contemporary, application of EDTA to the soil significantly enhanced mobilization of Cu in soil and increased Cu uptake in shoot of Leersia hexandra Swartz., the highest concentration in the leaves 336.54 mgkg^(-1) is 4 times higher compared with the ck 80.34 mgkg^(-1). However, citric acid, oxalic acid and malic acid inhibited mobilization of Cu and less significantly affected shoot Cu accumulation.

结果表明，当向土壤中施加质量摩尔浓度为2mmolkg^(-1)的EDTA时，土壤中Cu质量分数为220.16mgkg^(-1)与空白土壤中500.31mgkg^(-1)相比明显减少，说明EDTA可以极显著的降低土壤中的铜质量分数，使其转化成水提取态的Cu浮于土壤表面，并大部分聚集在根部周围，同时向土壤中施加EDTA不但促进了对Cu的活化而且显著提高了李氏禾对Cu的吸收，叶中最高质量分数达到336.54mgkg^(-1)是对照中80.34mgkg^(-1)的四倍；而柠檬酸、草酸和酒石酸则抑制了Cu的活化，但对李氏禾地上部分的Cu质量分数影响不大。

In this dissertation, polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether of 2000 molecular weight as soluble support, an array of soluble polymer-supported tartrate esters were designed, synthesized, and applied in asymmetric epoxidation of allylic alcohols.

本论文以平均分子量为2000的聚乙二醇单甲醚为可溶性支载体设计和合成了一系列可溶性聚合物支载的酒石酸酯配体，并将它们用于烯丙基醇的不对称环氧化反应。

Our study showed that about 3% mononucleated cells of human peripheral blood could be induced to osteoclast-like cells which have the ability of bone resorption and show TRAP-positive when coculture with UMR106 in the presence of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3, macrophage-colony stimulating factor and dexamethasone.

在1，25_2D_3、地塞米松和M-CSF存在下，人外周血单个核细胞与UMR106细胞共培养，约3%的单个核细胞可被诱导成为具有骨吸收能力且抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色阳性的破骨细胞样细胞。

Results: The TRAP positive multinuclear cells were induced from rat marrow mononuclear cells after inoculating for 5 clays. RT-PCR analysis showed that ASIC1, ASIC2 and ASIC3 mRNA were present in the osteoclasts, and the corresponding proteins expressions were detected.

结果：诱导5d后可见抗酒石酸盐酸性磷酸酶阳性多核细胞出现，大鼠破骨细胞在mRNA和蛋白水平均可检测到ASIC1、ASIC2和ASIC3基因的表达产物。

Methods Marrow cells from NH mouse were harvested and cultured in α-MEM with 10% fetal bovine serum.The appearance of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-staining multinuclear cells and formation of bone resorption pits were measured after 3,6,9 and 12 day exposure to various concentrations of 1,25-2D3 in culture. Results 1,25-2D3 (concentration higher than 10-9mol/L) could induce recruitment of OLCs and their bone resorption activity in a dose-dependent manner.

收集NH小鼠骨髓细胞于含10%胎牛血清的α-MEM培养基中行体外培养，设置不同的1，25-2D3浓度组和给药时间组，并于培养第3、6、9、12天观察记录抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase，TRAP)阳性多核巨细胞［或破骨细胞样细胞(osteroblast-like cell，OLC)］以及骨磨片上骨吸收陷窝的数目。

AIM: To examine the role of matrix metalloproteinases expressed by the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive mononuclear and multinucleated cells in articular cartilage damage.

目的：观察在胶原诱导的C57BL/6小鼠类风湿性关节炎模型中，基质金属蛋白酶-2、9在耐酒石酸盐酸性磷酸酶阳性的单个核及多核细胞中的表达及其在关节软骨损伤中的作用。

Methods: M-CSF-dependent bone marrow cells were isolated from 5-6 weeks old mice, and cultured in the presence of MCSF (25μg/L) with different concentrations of TNF-α(0, 1, 10, 100 μg/L) for 5 days, the formation of TRAP multinucleated cells was observed. These cells were also cultured in the presence of both RANKL (30 μg/L) and M-CSF (25 μg/L) with or without 10 μg/L TNF-α for4, 5, 6 and 9 days. The number of TRAP multinucleated cells and resorption pits on dentine slices were counted under light microscope.

选用小鼠巨噬细胞集落刺激因子依赖性非附着性骨髓细胞，在含有25μg/L M-CSF和0，1，10，100μg/L TNF-α的α-MEM培养液中培养5d后，观察抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色阳性多核细胞的形成；细胞在含有25μg/L M-CSF和30μg/L sRANKL的α-MEM培养液中进行培养，比较加入和不加入10μg/L TNF-α培养4、5、6和9d后，所形成的TRAP多核细胞的数目和骨吸收面积。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失