配对

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

While many RTS players like the AMM system of WarCraft III, we will be seeing matchmaking quality AI at LEAST to that level for RTS games in Battle.net 2.0, and probably a lot better, as some are not happy with AMM at all...

正如许多即时战略玩家喜欢War3的自动匿名的比赛配对系统，我们有可能会见到至少不弱于RTS战网皮质的AI配对，也许会更好，尽管有些人根本不喜欢这个匿名的随机自动配对机制。。。

In pairing mode, press and release "on/off" key once can cancel the pairing.

在配对状态下，短按"on/off"键一次将取消配对

According to the number and behavior of B genomechromosomes, all hybrid plants were classified into three types. All somatic cells of TypesⅠplants contained 16 B genome chromosomes which formed 8Ⅱat diakinesis and shown8:8 segregation at anaphase; TypesⅡcontained 14 B genome chromosomes whichformed 6Ⅱ+2Ⅰat diakinesis and showed 6:8 or 7:7 segregation at anaphase. TypesⅢcontained above two chromosomes number and behavior.

同时根据B基因组DNA为探针的GISH结果，以细胞中B基因组染色体的数目及减数分裂时的配对及分离的方式，将所有杂种植株分为三大类：Ⅰ类具有16条B基因组染色体，以8Ⅱ的方式配对，以8：8分离，共32株；Ⅱ类具有14条B基因组染色体，以6Ⅱ+2Ⅰ方式配对，以7：7或者6：8的方式分离，共4株：Ⅲ类植株包含有上述两种细胞类型类型，共1株。

Analysis of nuclear extracts of human cells has indicated a similar excision repair mechanism for nick-directed mismatch correction in higher cells, and several reconstituted systems that rely on purified human proteins have been described, such as hMutSα、hMutSβ、hMutLα. Recently, scientists discovered that nickel could be inhibitors of DNA repair. Nickel can greatly enhance the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of compounds in cigarette by inhibiting the nucleotide excision repair pathway in human cells. We have confirmed that nickel could inhibit MMR of E. coli and human and presumed that nickel inhibited repair before MutH incision of the MMR in E. coli. However, there is no evidence of mechanism of nickel inhibiting MMR in human cells.

镍是存在於香菸中的微量金属，近年来有学者发现镍是DNA修复反应的抑制剂，长期抽烟的人会容易因为香菸中化合物攻击DNA而引起突变，进而引起肺癌，而镍会抑制核苷酸移除修复系统（nucleotide excision repair；NER），所以使得体内的DNA损伤无法修复；过去实验室已经证实大肠杆菌的核酸配对错误修复系统会受到镍等重金属的抑制，并且推测出镍的抑制反应是抑制在修复反应的上游nicking的步骤；另外，也证实了人类的核酸配对错误修复系统也会受到镍的抑制，然而还没研究证实会抑制在核酸配对错误修复反应的哪个步骤。

The results indicate that different approaches and product strategies have little effect on the estimates, but the partially constrained approach and the unconstrained approach (except for the one-pair strategy) produce fewer fully proper solutions, more bias and greater root mean square error for smaller sample sizes or poor reliability of the indicators.

结果显示，四种方法与交乘项策略对估计影响不大，但部分限制式方法於三种配对组合、未限制式方法於两两配对与所有配对组合，在适当解比率与参数估计评估表现皆较其他组合差，以小样本或外生潜在变项负载量低时尤为明显。

There might have not been the same results in learning other subjects.(2) There had been considerable social conversations in two-boy pair and boy-girl pair except two-girl pair. Instead of sociabilities, it seemed that there had been more numerous discussions related to programming tasks in two-girl pair.

同侪组男男配对组与男女配对组皆出现许多社交性对话，女女配对组却咸少出现；女女配对学习程式设计似乎能有较多聚焦於任务相关之讨论。

In simulations of pairing afterwards,it can be seenclearly the vorticies amalgamation and coherent characteristic.Compared tothe process of roll-up,the pairing postponed the three-dimensionality to acertain extent.

在随后的涡配对模拟中，由于亚谐波和基波发生共振，相邻两大涡相互作用加强，发生了涡的合并，从结果可以清晰地看到在涡的配对、合并过程流场结构仍保持一定的拟序性，与卷起过程相比，涡的配对在一定程度上延迟了混合层的三维性发展。

And 72. 4% in March in paired females and males Ruddy Shelducks respectively; contrary to this case, the time spent on resting and warning decreased from January to March in both sexes of the paired birds.

在一些具有进攻性的相遇中，配对赤麻鸭比没有配对的单身个体表现得更为成功，这则意味着配对鸟具有更高的社会等级。

The sex ratio of the wintering population of Ruddy Shelducks at Lashihai Lake is severe male biased (male: female=1. 44: 1), the paired birds like to distributed in small group, and the degree of biased sex ratio were increased associated with the group size.

配对作为越冬期的一种策略，早期配对的赤麻鸭因具有较高的社会等级而得到了比非配对鸟更多的实惠，特别是当越冬的的食物资源十分有限的时候，配对鸟占有这些有限资源的机会更多。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。