配基

This work, concentrated on the asymmetric allylation of aldehydes controlled by different chiral auxiliaries prepared from rotational pure tartaric acid, can be divided into three parts.The first part aims to review the developments of chiral drugs and asymmetric synthesis, from which derived the present research topic backgrounds and works.Synthesis and applications of allylation from aldehydes are the second part of the thesis. By optimizing the reaction conditions, such as solvents, temperature, time and chiral auxiliaries like N,N\'-dibenzyl tartamide, N,N\'-p-dimethylphenyl tartamide, N,N\'-o-dimethylphenyl tartamide, N,N\'-o-dichlorophenyl tartamide, N,N\'-a-dinaphyl tartamide, N,N\'-dicyclohexyl tartamide and N,N\'-diphenyl tartamide, ideal experimenttal conditions are obtained according to HPLC monitoring, as well as the auxiliaries\' recoveries experiments. Starting from benzaldehyde and 3-bromopropaldehyde, N,N\'-dibenzyl tartamide is considered the best auxiliary in this reaction.

本文介绍了醛的不对称烯丙基化反应，以光学纯酒石酸为原料，研究了不同构型手性配体在醛的烯丙基化反应中的立体选择性，全文共分三部分十个章节：第一部分对当前手性药物和手性技术进行了概述，并由此展开了本文的研究背景和任务；第二部分为有机合成部分，对醛的不对称烯丙基化反应进行了深入探讨，以苯甲醛为原料对反应条件进行优化，在优化的反应条件下对制备的七种可回收手性酰胺配体(N-苄基酒石酸二酰胺、N-对甲苯基酒石酸二酰胺、N-邻甲苯基酒石酸二酰胺、N-邻氯苯基酒石酸二酰胺、N-a-萘基酒石酸二酰胺、N-环己基酒石酸二酰胺和N-苯基酒石酸二酰胺)进行筛选，优化配体回收实验条件，最终确定出N-苄基酒石酸二酰胺在苯甲醛的不对称烯丙基化反应中具有较大优越性，结晶回收的手性配体光学纯度保持不变。

RANK ligand has been shown in preious studies to be an important inflammatory protein that can lead to bone loss through actiation of bone resorbing cells.

而这个RANK配基在目前的研究中被认为是有一个重要的炎症蛋白质，它会激活骨吸收细胞而造成骨丢失。

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of CD40 ligandization in proliferation and apoptosis of breast cancer cell line M231 in vitro.

目的：研究CD40配基化对乳腺癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响。

The dark bands alternating with light bands,relatively stable and R-band-like structure was showed on the pachytene bivalents of Rics-field eelby using the random-primed in situ digoxigenin-labelled DNA synthesis technique,and the results were analysed and discussed in detail.

在黄鳝二价染色体上，运用地高辛配基标记的随机引物原位DNA合成技术诱导出了明暗相间、基本稳定且类似于R带的带状结构。本文对该结果进行了较详细的分析和讨论。

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: At 3, 7, 14, 28 days after the application of traction and 3, 7, 14, 28 days after the removal of traction, the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand/osteoprotegerin in the subchondral bone of the bilateral condyles was analyzed by semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry.

主要观察指标：加力3，7，14，28 d及撤除外力后3，7，14，28 d，以免疫组织化学半定量检测双侧髁状突软骨下骨中核因子κB受体活化因子配基/骨保护素表达。

Receptor and lig and are transported elsewhere.

受体和配基在别处被传递。

Clearly, different cells respond in a variety of ways to the same ligand.

同一种配基在不同的细胞结合相同的受体，依然可以介导不同的反应。

We refer to this strategy as'in vitro evolution'of ligands.

我们把这一策略称之为配基的体外进化。

Complexes 7-12, 16, 22 and 23 are dimeric molybdatesor dimeric tungstates, the central metal with citrate or malate in a molar ratio of 1:1. Theanions of these complexes have two metal atoms and two ligands. Each ligand acts as atridentate fashion via theirα-alkoxy,α-carboxy andβ-carboxy groups coordinated to eachmetal atom. Complex 13 is a monomeric molybdate. The citrate ligand coordinates tomolybdenum with itsα-alkoxy,α-carboxy andβ-carboxy groups in a tridentate mode.

其配阴离子中都含有2个金属原子和2个配体，且配体均以α-烷氧基、α-羧基和β-羧基氧与中心金属三齿配位。13是单核柠檬酸钼配合物，柠檬酸也以α-烷氧基、α-羧基和β-羧基氧与钼三齿配位。17和21分别为苹果酸钼、柠檬酸钨单核配合物，其中苹果酸、柠檬酸配体均以α-烷氧基氧和α-羧基氧与金属双齿配位。

Detecting each marker and cmparison the location of sequential tissuesection could determine the area loceation relationship of the markers, but it is difficulte to determine their correlation intra-cells exactly. No report of detecting virus genome and antigenes on a one section with triple staning techniques exists in the lit erature. in this report. by combining immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization (with dioxigenin labelled HBV DNA probe), a triple staining technigce was established. With this technic, on one formalin-fixed and paraffin embeded section, HBV DNA, HBsAg and HBcAg were determinated one after the other.

各个细胞内病毒的复制和表达水平以及与肝细胞病变的关系，是乙型肝炎发病机理研究的一个重要方面：目前常用的在系列切片上对各标志物分别检测，比较观察的方法，一般只能大致了解各待检物在某一区域的定位关系，很难准确地了解它们在同一细胞内的关系：国内外尚未见有在同一张切片上三重标记染色检测病毒核酸及其多种抗原的报道：本文结合免疫组织化学ABC法及地高辛配基标记HBV DNA探针原位杂交，建立三重标记染色技术：在一张福尔马林固定石蜡包埋肝组织切片上先后检测，同时显示HBV DNA、HBcAg和HBsAg。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。