配体

Antheridium formation was not promoted when young gametophytes of C. podophylla were treated with their own mature gametophytes or those of Pteridium aquilinum Kuhn, Lygodium japonicum Sw., or Ceratopteris thalictroides Brongn. Their spores did not germinate at all in dark conditions. These results indicate that there is no antheridiogen (and possibly no germinin, either) in this species.

鬼桫椤之幼配子体并未受到蕨、海金沙、水蕨及其本种之成熟配子体影响而促进其藏精器的产生，其孢子亦未在所有处理之黑暗环境中发芽，此结果显示本种不产生促精素。

By the nucellar cells PCD, which were encircling the female gametophyte, the pollen chamber connected with the archegonium chamber for the fertilization in coming.

在胚珠中的雌配子体发育完成、受精过程开始之前，贮粉室与颈卵器室贯通。这一过程是通过雌配子体周围的珠心细胞发生程序性死亡完成的。

Female gametogenesis in higher plants undergoes various developmental changes, including the de novo formation of germline cells, the differentiation of the megaspore mother cell, meiosis, megaspore selection, and the development of the embryosac.

高等植物雌配子体的形成涉及孢原细胞和大孢子母细胞的确立与分化、大孢子发生、功能大孢子以及胚囊的形成和发育等多种复杂调控过程。随着当代生物技术及功能基因组学的发展，近年对雌配子体发育的研究已从细胞学描述逐渐过渡到对基因和发育调控分子机理的探索。

The spores of Neocheiropteris palmatopedate were cultured in improved Knop's medium, in-situ humus soil and red soil respectively. Spore germination and gametophyte development were observed under optical microscope and dissecting microscope, and the impact of four culture methods on the gametophyte development and sexual reproduction was compared. On these experiments, its cause of endangerment was analyzed.

采用改良Knop's固体培养基、原生境腐殖质土和红壤分别培养扇蕨孢子，光学显微镜及解剖镜下观察记录其于包子萌发及配子体发育过程，比较了3种培养方法对其配子体发育和有性繁殖的影响，并在此基础上探讨了扇蕨的濒危原因。

Megaspore At this time, only megaspore mother cell showedhybridization signal.

FIE仅在雌配子体和雄配子体中表达，而在花的其他部位无杂交信号。

However, the formation of metal chelation at one or two side of biphenyl resulted a pair of enantiomers of monometallic or bimetallic complexes. Moreover, if the coordinating groups have chiral element (e.g., chiral oxazolines), the diastereomeric metal complexes will be formed.

而且，如果配位基团上带有手性元素，它们跟金属配位后得到一对非对映异构体，由于手性元素的影响，形成这一对非对映异构体的能量是有差异的。

The research is little and unclear about the physiological metabolism and biological activity caused by structural differences between yam steroid saponins and sapogenin. In this study, therefore, the furostanol glycosides and spirostanol glycosides with different forms of glycoside, and diosgenin with no glycone were isolated from yam (Dioscorea Pseudojaponica Yamamoto in Taiwan) that were investigated the effect and mechanism on anti-cancer for the structurally different Saponins and sapogenin.

然由於目前对於山药类固醇皂及皂元间结构差异所造成的生理代谢与生物活性之研究甚少，仍不甚明了，因此本研究以台湾基隆山药为原料，分离出furostanol glycosides和spirostanol glycosides等不同形式配醣体结构之皂，并与不含醣基之薯蓣皂元（diosgenin；DIO）进行实验，探讨山药皂抗癌之功效与机制，并进ㄧ步探讨比对此些功效与机制是否因山药皂配醣体结构（furosten和spirosten）形式之不同，以及醣基之有无而有所差异。

Self-incompatibility (self-sterility) The condition in whereby male gametes cannot fertilize female gametes from the same individual and give rise to a viable embryo.

自交不亲和性：是雄配子体不能与来自同一植物体的雌配子体发生受精作用并产生可育受精卵的情况。

There exists isomorphous replacement in the rutile structure, and the most prominent feature is the average content of oxides, being 1.22%, 0.39%, 0.35% and 0.22% for V 2O 5, Fe 2O 3, ZnO and CuO respectively. They substitute Ti 4+ in octahedra. The valence of V is 5, and its polyhedron is trigonal bipyramid, which causes the lattice distortion, breaks the raw octahedron symmetry into square bipyramid, and produces the microstrains in the structure.

天然含钒金红石平均含V2O5可达1.22％，Fe2O30.39％，ZnO0.35％，CuO0.22％，这些金属离子可替代八面体中Ti^4 。V以5价形式存在，配位多面体呈三方双锥，其在晶格内部对Ti的替代导致晶格畸变，打破了配位多面体原有的八面体对称而呈四方双锥的几何形态，并产生结构微应力。

The endocyclic Sn atoms exist in a distorted triginal bipyramidal geometry with the coordination number of 5. The exocyclic Sn atoms form 6 significant bonds and exist in a distorted octahedron geometry.

化合物12的X衍射单晶测定表明，化合物是以Sn2O2四元环为中心的中心对称二聚体结构、内环锡为5配位的畸变三角双锥结构、外环锡为6配位的畸变八面体结构。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。