部落成员

And while the existence of tribes like thouse of the Mantchu Tartars, who prohibit marriages between persons whose family names are different, is of great weight in favour of endogamy as a primitive type of organization; on the other hand, castes like those of India, embracing members of several different families, and with a marriage law like that of Menu, strongly suggest that many endogamous tribes have been developed from tribes organized on the opposite principle.

然而，当象禁止名字不同的家庭的人通婚的Mantchu鞑靼人部落的存在成为极有分量的证据说明内婚只是一种原始的组织类型时，另一方面像印度那样的种姓等级却包含几个不同家庭的成员，并且有Menu那样的婚姻法律，强有力地支持许多内婚部落从以相反的原则组织起来的部落发展而来。

"Exogamy" and "endogamy"— terms of his own coinage — imply, respectively, an obligation to "marry out," and an obligation to "marry in," a particular group of persons.

部落体系。——部落是家庭群体的集合体，下分为区、克兰、萨姆等。同区的成员不能通婚；一切区之间均可通婚。

Or tribe are forbidden to intermarry with members of other families or tribes, and free to marry among themselves, there is not room for fraud or force in the constitution of marriage.

清楚的是，如果一个家庭或部落的成员被禁止与其他家庭或部落的成员通婚，而在他们自己中间自由通婚，便没有空间适合于婚姻惯例中的欺骗和暴力。

The army seems to have done better in buying off the Taliban belonging to other tribes. To help keep the Mehsud fighters out of NWFP, it has armed militants of the small Bhittani tribe, despised by the Mehsud. It also seems confident that it can ensure the neutrality of two powerful Taliban commanders of the Wazir tribe, Mullah Nazir, who controls most of the rest of South Waziristan, and Hafiz Gul Bahadur, in neighbouring North Waziristan.

巴军方看起来已进一步收买了隶属其他部落的塔利班成员，为保证赶出西北边省的迈赫苏德塔利班组织，巴军方武装了被迈赫苏德轻视的小部落比塔尼的激进分子，并且对于两个统帅部落的塔利班指挥官------掌握南瓦济里斯坦其他大部分疆域的毛拉。

On the sub- Himalayan ranges, for example, are the Sodhas, who intermarry with the Rajputs, not with each other; the Magars, who prohibit marriages between members of the same thum; and, again, the Kocch, Bodo, Ho, and Dhumal, who are forbidden to marry except to members of their own tribes or kiels.

以喜马拉雅山脉山麓的Sodhas为例，他们与拉其普特人通婚，而不是彼此通婚；Magars禁止同一部落或基尔的成员之间结婚，而更深入一些，Kocch、Bodo、Ho和Dhumal禁止不是同一部落或基尔的成员之间的通婚。

These are at any rate the forms appropriate to marriages between members of the same family-group or tribe ; and, so far as appears at present, they could only have originated among endogamous tribes, or — in the case of marriage within the tribe

这些是在任何等级适合于同一家庭群组或部落的成员间结婚的形式；而且，只要出现在现在，他们只能起源于内婚的部落之中，或者允许其成员在他们自己中间结婚或对他们是否因婚进入其他群组不关心的部落之中。

We shall there endeavour to establish the following propositions:-1. That the most ancient system in which the idea of blood-relationship was embodied, was the system of kinship through females only. 2. That the primitive groups were, or were assumed to be, homogenous. 3. That the system of kinship through females only tended to render the exogamous groups heterogeneous, and thus to supersede the system of capturing wives. 4. That in the advance from savagery the system of kinship through females only was succeeded by a system which acknowledged kinship through males also; and which, in most cases passed into a system which acknowledged kinship through males only. 5. That the system of kinship through males tended to rear up homogeneous groups, and thus to restore the original condition of affairs- wher the exogamous prejudice survived- as regards both the practice of capturing wives and the evolution of the form of capture. 6. That a local tribe, under the combined influence of exogamy and the system of female kinship, might attain a balance of persons of different sexes regarded as being of different descent, and that thus its members might be able to intermarry with the principle of exogamy. 7. That a local tribe, having reached this stage and grown proud through success in war, might decline intermarriage with other local tribes and become a caste.

我们将明确一下命题：1、大部分包括血统联系观念的古代体系是只通过女系计算血族关系的体系。2、原始群是或被假定是纯系的。3、只按女系计算血族关系的系统倾向于实行异类群的外婚制，并因而取代盗妻的体系。4、从只按女系计算血族关系的野蛮系统发展来的高级系统为也承认通过父系计算血族关系的系统所继承。5、通过父系计算血族关系的系统往往跃回均质的群体，并且因此恢复到事情的原始状态——外婚的偏执得以幸存——被认为既是实行盗妻的又是从盗妻发展的。6、一个本地部落在外婚制和女系血族关系的联合影响下，可能达到被认为不同世系的不同性别人们的平衡，而且因此成员可能得以按外婚原则通婚。7、到达这一阶段而且通过胜利的战争获得自豪的本地部落，可能拒绝与本地部落的联姻而变成世袭种姓。

We shall there endeavour to establish the following propositions:-1. That the most ancient system in which the idea of blood-relationship was embodied, was the system of kinship through females only. 2. That the primitive groups were, or were assumed to be, homogenous. 3. That the system of kinship through females only tended to render the exogamous groups heterogeneous, and thus to supersede the system of capturing wives. 4. That in the advance from savagery the system of kinship through females only was succeeded by a system which acknowledged kinship through males also; and which, in most cases passed into a system which acknowledged kinship through males only. 5. That the system of kinship through males tended to rear up homogeneous groups, and thus to restore the original condition of affairs- where the exogamous prejudice survived- as regards both the practice of capturing wives and the evolution of the form of capture. 6. That a local tribe, under the combined influence of exogamy and the system of female kinship, might attain a balance of persons of different sexes regarded as being of different descent, and that thus its members might be able to intermarry with the principle of exogamy. 7. That a local tribe, having reached this stage and grown proud through success in war, might decline intermarriage with other local tribes and become a caste.

我们将明确一下命题：1、大部分包括血统联系观念的古代体系是只通过女系计算血族关系的体系。2、原始群是或被假定是纯系的。3、只按女系计算血族关系的系统倾向于实行异类群的外婚制，并因而取代盗妻的体系。4、从只按女系计算血族关系的野蛮系统发展来的高级系统为也承认通过父系计算血族关系的系统所继承。5、通过父系计算血族关系的系统往往跃回均质的群体，并且因此恢复到事情的原始状态——外婚的偏执得以幸存——被认为既是实行盗妻的又是从盗妻发展的。6、一个本地部落在外婚制和女系血族关系的联合影响下，可能达到被认为不同世系的不同性别人们的平衡，而且因此成员可能得以按外婚原则通婚。7、到达这一阶段而且通过胜利的战争获得自豪的本地部落，可能拒绝与本地部落的联姻而变成世袭种姓。

In this photo taken on Friday, Oct. 23, 2009, members of a Pakistani private tribal militia, known locally as a Lashkar, chant slogans to vow to fight against militants at a rally in Khar, the main town of Pakistani tribal region Bajur.

在上周五，09年10月23日，在巴基斯坦的私人部落民兵被称为拉什卡，呼喊口号发誓本地成员采取打击武装分子在战斗中哈尔集会这张照片，在巴基斯坦部落Bajur部落地区的主要城镇。

Tribe a congeries of family groups embracing several village communities or nomadic hordes: members of families somewhat interfused.

部落是家庭群体的结合体，包含若干村落或游牧部落：家族（或本初同血统的家庭群组）成员有些混杂，凡姓氏指明其为同一系统者不能通婚。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。