部分的同时发生

The main factors affecting the soil-structure interface behaviors were found experimentally and theoretically, including: 1 the thickness of the interface that is five to six times the average grain size of the soil; 2 the aeolotropy of interface, which is responsible for anisotropic response of the stress-strain response of the interface; 3 two physical states, including crashing and compression of the soil near the structure surface, which govern the stress-strain response of the interface strongly; 4 two shear deformation components due to sliding and constraint of the structure surface relative to the soil respectively, which forms the deformation of the interface; 5 the volumetric strain due to dilatancy, which is found to be composed of a reversible dilatancy component and an irreversible dilatancy component. 4. A unified constitutive model of the interface, based on new elasto-plasticity damage theory, was developed. It was confirmed to be effective for the conditions considering monotonic and cyclic shearing, coupling effect of shear and volumetric strains, evolution of physical state, micro-structure aeolotropy of the soil and the resulting aeolotropy of the interface as well as the three normal boundary conditions stated above. 5. 2D and 3D finite element formulations of the present model were derived and incorporated into the FEM codes. They were applied to the evaluation of practical engineering problems with different typical interfaces between soil and structure. The new model was shown to be reasonable and effective.

确定了粗粒土与结构接触面厚度约为5～6倍的平均粒径，首次揭示了接触面的细观结构异向性以及由此所引起的宏观剪切异向性，发现了在单调和往返剪切荷载作用下土颗粒破碎和剪切压密两种物态变化机制共同支配着接触面力学性质的变化，通过细观分析证实了接触面的变形可分解为一般同时发生的土与结构交界面上的滑移变形以及结构面位移约束范围之内土体本身的剪切变形两部分，观测到接触面受剪时表现出明显的相对法向位移，并可分解为可逆性和不可逆性两个分量；(4)建立了第一个能够统一地描述单调与往返剪切特性、剪应变与体应变耦合特性、细观结构和宏观剪切异向性以及土颗粒破碎等物态变化特性的土与结构接触面弹塑性损伤本构数学模型，并采用多种法向边界条件复杂加载路径的试验成果验证了新模型的合理性和有效性；(5)提出了新模型的二、三维有限元格式并结合实际边值问题进行了应用计算分析，比较了不同接触面本构模型对计算结果的影响，证实了新模型及其有限元格式不仅能够合理地描述土与结构接触面的主要力学特性，还能够较好地反映土体与结构物在接触面处的滑移、脱开等不连续现象。

A nonlinear on-line approximator is utilized to estimate uncertain parts in the system, simultaneously, to monitor the faults and estimate the fault value.

非线性在线估计器用于估计系统不确定部分，同时监视系统是否发生故障，估计故障的大小。

Pyronine B adheres to on the surface of CdS and prevents CdS aggregating, which leads to the decrease of fluorescence quantum yield of CdS. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer happens from CdS to Rhodamine B, Butyl rhodamine B and Rhodamine 6G, respectively. There is a higher FRET efficiency between CdS and Neutral red with the value being 0.282. Moreover, coupling reaction between -NH_2 of Neutral red and -COOH of CdS -TGA leads to red shift of CdS fluorescence spectrum. The reaction also occurs between Safranine T and CdS. At the same time, the Fluorescence of ST is quenched by forming ST -CdS ground state complex. Chapter 6, CdS QDs modified by chitosan and polyethyleneimine can be quenched by Cu~(2+). According to the experimental result, we develop the novel sensor for Cu~(2+).

研究结果，吡啰红与CdS之间作用形式是染料聚集在CdS的表面使得CdS不易聚集，但同时也降低了CdS的发光的量子效率；罗丹明B、罗丹明6G、丁基罗丹明B均与CdS之间存在能量转移，位阻效应使得能量转移效率最高的BRhB的相对荧光强度增大最小；中性红与CdS的能量转移效率更高，同时推测可能使CdS-TGA上的-COOH与部分NR的-NH_2发生偶联导致粒子变大而发生荧光光谱的红移；番红花红与CdS是相互荧光猝灭，可能是ST的-NH_2与CdS-TGA上的-COOH发生偶联使得纳米粒子变大以及二者形成基态复合物的共同作用的影响。

From the formula, we found that the information of the displacement and the titling of the object was included in the FRT spectrum.

本文的第二部分详细证明分数傅里叶变换的平移特性，并根据其平移特性推导出了如果物体同时发生了平移和倾斜，物体的分数傅里叶谱的表达形式。

X-ray was used to check the development of their left carpal bones and the adolescent height spurt status was evaluated according to X-ay pictures and based on Grave's index.

结果：青春期女性的身高突增高峰主要发生在乳房开始发育的同时，但在9岁及以后的无性发育个体中也有部分个体进人了高峰期。

Moreover, CoI gene was more conservative and a lower evolutionary rate than Cyt b gene. CoI gene was an effective marker in analysing the phylogenesis of families in Passeriformes. It can be used in identifying the species of Passeriformes, but it was revealed that CoI gene was more suitable to identify the phylogenetic relationship of avian family unit than Cyt b gene, and CoI gene can be a molecular marker to identify avian species. But in species identification, CoI gene was less stable and accurate than Cyt b gene. We suggested youd better employ the other marker if you have the CoI gene only.(2) In the phylogenetic trees of birds from Lanius, L.

比较分析了雀形目6科15种鸟类的细胞色素b全序列和CoI基因部分序列，结果显示细胞色素b和CoI基因序列的变异位点分别为454个和366个、简约信息位点为337个和303个，而且线粒体CoI基因比细胞色素b基因略微保守、进化速率也较低；CoI基因在确定雀形目科级阶元之间的系统发生关系方面是一种有效的分子标记，同时它也能够用于雀形目鸟类的物种鉴定，但在物种鉴别方面不如细胞色素b基因稳定、准确。

And the politics of downturns are dynamic: they have already swung and oscillated in this one, as the mood has shifted from anger to partial reassurance.

应对经济衰退的策略是不断变化的：在现在的策略中就已经发生了变化，同时情绪已经从愤怒转向部分的安心。

Cutting process of soft tissue and organs is very important in virtual surgery simulation. Tetrahedron is widely used to construct the geometric model of virtual organs. Efficient methods must be developed to split or merge tetrahedrons in order to adapt to topology changes during cutting process. The main parts of this thesis are the two chapters on "Reconstruction of Tetrahedrons" and "Stability of Tetrahedrons".Main research work I have done is listed as follows:1 Reconstruction of Tetrahedrons.

人体软组织及器官的切割仿真是虚拟手术仿真的重要组成部分，软组织及器官的几何模型普遍采用四面体模型，切割的同时，软组织及器官的拓扑结构发生变化，模型中的部分四面体基元必须能够通过分裂或合并以适应上述变化，医学数据在三维场景中的交互和可视化是手术仿真的基本要求，因此，第二章&四面体重构&以及第三章&四面体单元稳定性&是本文重点讨论的两个部分。

E.g. properties of chemical substances, dangerous parts of machinery; but also by knowledge of working conditions and pattern s of adverse effects upon workers which might not have been foreseen

例如化学物质的特性，机器的危险部分；同时也根据对工作情况的了解与无法预测的负面影响的发生型态

It is all part of the plan and there are no coincidences here.

它是计划的全部部分并且这里没有同时发生或同时存在的事物。

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！