邻域

A topological space is an minimal CH space if and only if each open CH-filterbase with only one adherent point converges to this point.

4拓扑空间 X是极小 CH空间，当且仅当对任意的 x∈X和任意开 CH滤基μ，若{ x}=∩U∈μU=∩U∈μcl U，则μ是 x的一个邻域基。

Aiming at the problem of large-scale microscopy images acquisition of two-layer object, an auto-focusing algorithm was proposed based on image edge and adjacent area forecasting.

针对显微镜下两层物体的大规模图像采集问题，提出了基于图像边缘和邻域预测快速自动对焦算法。

Then we used Kriging interpolation technique in geological statistics to establish geological graphics model,and presented the method of searching known sample points in the region to be interpolated adjacent to triangle mesh vertex with"polygon"expanding,and the method of dealing with the impact of boundary and faultage on interpolated results by distance revolving.

首先给出限制条件下的区域Delaunay剖分原理；其次采用了地质统计学中的克里金插值技术建立图件模型，提出了"多边形"扩张法搜索待插值三角网格顶点邻域内的已知采样点，以"距离环绕法"处理了断层和边界对插值结果造成的影响；结合地质图件自动建立过程；最后给出了一个具体的应用实例。

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

Our difficulties are overcome in this paper by using the method of generalized normal sectors, provided by [Nonlinearity 17(2004): 1407-1426], which allows curves and orbits to be part of its boundary, may not be an angular neighborhood of the characteristic direction.

通过利用文献[Nonlinearity 17(2004)，1407-1426]中提出的广义正常区域方法，我们的困难得以克服，其中允许曲线或者系统轨道为广义正常区域的边界，而且该区域也不一定是要研究的特殊方向的角形邻域。

By choosing suitable design parameters, all the signals in the resulting closed-loop system are uniformly bounded and the norm of the tracking error vector converges to an arbitrarily small neighborhood around zero by using the presented control approach.

通过选择适当的设计参数，提出的控制方法使得闭环系统的所有信号是一致有界的和跟踪误差向量的范数收敛到小的零邻域内。

For an abitrary set X, appropriate order relations on WCL (the set of all weak closure operators), WIN (the set of all weak interior operators), WOU (the set of all weak exterior operators), WB (the set of all weak boundary operators), WD (the set of all weak derived operators), WD*(the set of all weak difference derived operators), WR (the set of all weak remote neighborhood system operators) and WN (the set of all weak neighborhood system operators) can be defined respectively, which make WCL, WIN, WOU, WB, WD, WD*, WR and WN to be complete lattices that are ismorphic to CS(X,CS is the set of all closure systems on X.

证明了可以在WCL(X上的弱闭包算子的全体)、 WIN(X上的弱内部算子的全体)、 WOU (X上的弱外部算子的全体)、 WB (X上的弱边界算子的全体)、WD、 WD*(X上的弱差导算子的全体)、 WR(X上的弱远域系算子的全体)和WN(X上的弱邻域系算子的全体)上定义适当的序关系，使它们成为与CS(X，〖JX-*5[JX*5]同构的完备格其中CS(X是给定集合X上的闭包系统的全体。

Based on the study of the traditional homomorphic algorithm,the most effective high-pass filter in frequency domain is adopted.

因此在研究传统同态滤波算法，选取性能最佳的频域滤波器对图像进行处理的基础上，引入了空域3×3中值滤波，用像素点3×3邻域内9个像素点的中值来代替该点的像素值，旨在对前者无法去除的高频突变云区进行处理。

A two-times locating method based on the gray contrast of surroundings is presented in locating central reference point. This method has better adaptability and robustness, and can basically meet for the accuracy of automatic locating center. Fourier spectral analysis is improved to obtain a more accurate ridge frequency in computing ridge frequency. The average ridge width is used in designing Gabor filters, so the filters have certain adjustability. The rotating invariance of fingerprint images is solved by the rotating of feature models in feature matching.

在中心参考点定位部分，提出了基于局部邻域灰度对比度的二次定位方法，该方法具有较强的适应性和鲁棒性，基本满足自动中心定位的准确度要求；在频率域估计中，改进了傅立叶谱分析法，提高了纹线频率计算的准确度；引入平均纹线宽度作为Gabor滤波器的设计参数，使滤波器具有一定的自适应性；在特征匹配阶段，通过对特征模板的旋转解决指纹图像的旋转不变性问题。

In this algorithm, Harris corner detector is used to extract feature points, which gains sub pixel precision for features extraction. Then, a pseudo matching set is obtained by comparing local neighborhoods of features through intensity cross correlation method and these pseudo matches are divided into inliers and outliers using robust RANSAC algorithm.

此算法采用 Harris角检测算子进行特征点提取，使提取的精度达到了亚像素级，然后以特征点邻域灰度互相关法进行特征点匹配得到了初步的伪匹配集合，并运用稳健的RANSAC算法将伪匹配点集合划分为内点和外点，在内点域上运用 L M优化算法精确地估计出了图像间的点变换关系，最后采用颜色插值对交接处进行颜色过渡。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。