遗传类

The concept of genetic algorithm, its configuration, operators and existing problems are introduced in this paper. A new algorithm for clustering analysis is presented based on genetic algorithm. There are two characteristics in our approaches. Firstly, the algorithm is the general-purposed and our clustering analyzer can cluster large data set with mixed numeric and categorical attributes.

4介绍遗传算法的概念、算法结构、运算算子及主要存在问题；提出了一种基于遗传算法的聚类新方法MGA，该方法有两个主要优点：一是通用性强，可以对包含数值属性和符号属性的大数据集进行聚类；二是提高了数据挖掘的效率与质量。

When meeting with this kind of problems, first find out the dominant or recessive inheritance acoording to the pedigree; then further judge whether it is caused by euchromosome inheritance or sex -linkage inheritance.

遇到这类题目，应据系谱首先判断出遗传方式的显隐性，然后再进一步判断是属于常染色体遗传还是属于伴性遗传。

This article adopted the cluster analysis method of the genetic distance of principal components toclassify 6 quantitative characteristics of 91 provenances of 13－year-old Pinus massoniana on 3 determinationlocalities of Taoyuan,Weimin and Luoshan,divided these provenances into 4 evident classes and selected 18fast growing and strongly comprehensive fine provenances.

马尾松种源遗传距离聚类分析傅玉狮摘要本文采用主成份遗传距离聚类分析法，对桃源、卫闽、罗山3个测定点的13年生的马尾松91个种源的6个数量性状进行分类，划分为4个明显的类群，评选出18个速生、综合性强的优良种源。关键词马尾松；地理种

In Chapter 3,we classify a binary-coded individual space equivalently withthe help of the ideals of Boolean algebra and analyze the search capabilitiesof a new kind of algebraic crossover operator in these equivalence classes,thenprovide the algebraic representation of a type of genetic algorithms by usingthe permutation group,therefore we can derive a lot of new forms of geneticalgorithms.

第三章运用Boole代数的理想将二进制编码的个体空间进行等价分类，分析了一类代数杂交算子在这些等价类上的搜索能力；然后利用置换群给出一类遗传算法的代数表示，由此导出多种新形式的遗传算法，并给出其中两类算法形式的收敛性结果。

Based on the number of families with at least one affected girl and the number of patients per sibship among these pedigrees, the proportion of families with DMD inherited as an AR trait was estimated.

结果：常染色体隐性遗传的类DMD患者独立行走的平均时间为（1.47±1.00）岁，症状出现的平均时间为（8.11±4.32）岁，血清肌酸激酶平均水平为（2785.10±1500.29）U/L，这种常染色体隐性遗传型类DMD占DMD的9.4%。

The results were showed that a high genetic diversity was observed using these molecular markers. Fifty-four Japanese plum cultivars were classified five groups from the dendrogram. The majority of cultivars of northern areas in China were clustered together, and cultivars of southern areas in China were clustered together. Therefore, the Japanese plum cultivars in China could be classified two groups: northern cultivars group and southern cultivars group.

结果表明：中国李品种间遗传相似系数较低，平均为0.451，从分子水平证明了我国中国李品种的遗传多样性很高；将供试中国李品种分为五类，其中第一类是原产我国北方地区的一些品种，第二是原产我国南方地区的一些品种；第三类是从国外引进的品种，并提出了将我国的中国李品种分为北方品种群和南方品种群观点。

The ISSR fingerprinting of 18 Japanese plum cultivars and 12 plum species or variety were established by using optimum system with primer 5"-9T-3"and 5"-9C-3", respectively. The identification rate of plum cultivars and species or variety was 100%. The effects of five important components on reaction of SSR were studied with Prunus salicina cv. Meilili. The results showed that the optimum concentration of five important components i.e. Tag DNA polymerase, Mg +, single primer, template DNA and dNTPs in 25 μL reaction system of SSR were 1.5u, 2.0mM, 0.8 μ M, 30~40ng and 0.16~0.24mM, respectively. The dendrograms of these cultivars was contructed according the Jaccard coefficient of similarity.

利用该优化体系，以5′-_9T-3′为引物，构建了中国李18个品种的ISSR指纹图谱，该引物可将这些品种完全区别开来；以5′-_9C-3′为引物，构建了李属6类种质资源的ISSR指纹图谱，该引物区分率为100％。4、中国李品种适宜的SSR反应分析体系是：25μL SSR反应体系中，Taq DNA聚合酶、Mg~(2+)、每个引物、模板DNA和dNTPs等5种成分的适宜浓度分别是：1.5u、2.0mmol·L~(-1)、0.8μmol·L~(-1)、30～40ng和0.16～0.24mmol·L~(-1)。5、采用RAPD、ISSR和SSR等三种分子标记技术对中国李品种资源54份和2个欧洲李品种进行了遗传多样性分析，并以品种间的遗传相似系数构建了Jaccard聚类树状图。

It is one of the most dominant small mammals and plays an important role in keeping the balance of the alpine meadow ecosystem.The aim of this paper was to investigate the level of genetic diversity and also to test the hypothesis of IBD for this old species.Samples of plateau pikas were collected from four natural populations（Haiyan,Xidatan E,Xidatan W and Kunlunshan populations）.

采用多态信息含量、期望杂合度、观测杂合度、基因流和基因分化系数对种群及物种的遗传多样性水平进行分析；计算各种群间的遗传距离、遗传相似度以及遗传距离与地理距离的相关系数，并进行UPGMA聚类分析。

Here, we examined the genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of domestic goats by determining mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite DNA. The genetic diversity of five goat breeds including Angora goat, Shandonglaiwu black goat, Hanshan white goat, Taihang goat and Wuzhumuqin goat was surveyed using twenty-five microsatellite loci, The UPGMA phylogenetic trees constructed with the Dcoa genetic distances between the five goat breeds supported a closer relationship between Hanshan White goat and Wuzhumuqin goat.

利用微卫星和线粒体DNA分析山羊的遗传多样性及系统进化关系，用25个微卫星位点分析了安哥拉山羊、山东莱芜黑山羊、罕山白绒山羊、太行山羊及乌珠穆沁绒山羊这5个山羊品种的遗传多样性，利用共祖遗传距离的UPGMA聚类表明遗传距离和地理距离是一致的，如内蒙的罕山白绒山羊和乌珠穆沁绒山羊聚到一起。

Here, we examined the genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of domestic goats by determining mitochondrial DNAand microsatellite DNA. The genetic diversity of five goat breeds including Angora goat, Shandonglaiwu black goat, Hanshan white goat, Taihang goat and Wuzhumuqin goat was surveyed using twenty-five microsatellite loci,The UPGMA phylogenetic trees constructed with the Dcoa genetic distances between the five goat breeds supported a closer relationship between Hanshan White goat and Wuzhumuqin goat.

本研究利用微卫星和线粒体DNA分析山羊的遗传多样性及系统进化关系，用25个微卫星位点分析了安哥拉山羊、山东莱芜黑山羊、罕山白绒山羊、太行山羊及乌珠穆沁绒山羊这5个山羊品种的遗传多样性，共祖遗传距离的UPGMA聚类表明遗传距离和地理距离是一致的，如内蒙的罕山白绒山羊和乌珠穆沁绒山羊聚到一起。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。