遗传的

The results showed that:(1) we can mapping quantitative trait locus while estimating the variance component of QTL;(2) granddaughter design is better than daughter design when mapping QTL;(3) it is easy to map a QTL for trait with a high heriability and a large QTL variance contribution;(4) we can estimate the variance component of a QTL by TM-BLUP based on ML method whether the QTL has only 2 alleles or QTL has normal distributed alleles effects;(5) the estimation accuracy of variance component contributed by QTL was improved by using of grand daughter design;(6) the higher the heritability and the QTL variance contribution was, the more accurate estimation of QTL variance component.

结果表明：（1）采用随机QTL效应模型和最大似然法，在估计QTL方差组分的同时，能够定位QTL；（2）孙女设计与女儿设计相比，在其它因素相同时，容易检出QTL；（3）遗传力高，QTL方差贡献较大的性状，QTL检出的效果优于遗传力低，QTL方差贡献较小的性状；（4）无论QTL上有2个等位基因，还是QTL上等位基因的效应服从正态分布，都可将其看作随机效应，采用基于TM-BLUP的ML法，估计其方差组分和定位QTL；（5）QTL方差组分估计的准确性，孙女设计高于女儿设计；（6）遗传力高的性状，QTL方差贡献大的QTL，QTL方差组分估计的准确性高。

Like the numerator relationship matrix used in the traditional trait BLUP, in random QTL effect model of trait-marker BLUP, before estimating the variance component of QTL, the conditional relationship coefficient of additive QTL effects or the probabilities of being identical by descent of QTL alleles among relatives should to be known.

将QTL作为随机效应，和传统T-BLUP中分子血缘相关阵类似，在采用TM-BLUP进行种畜遗传评定，以及在进行QTL方差组分估计以前，首先要知道有亲缘关系个体QTL加性遗传效应间条件相关系数或基因同源相等的概率。

In allusion to the conflict in solving the precision and constringency speed in genetic algorithm, this paper advances a kind of a new genetic algorithm for self adaptation, symmetry and congruity.

针对遗传算法存在求解精度与收敛速度间的矛盾，提出一种自适应对称调和遗传新算法。

By using the Neighbor-joining method, a dendrogram was obtained based on genetic distances. The bootstrap values were evaluated for each crunode of the dendrogram by means of bootstrap test. The results showed that the mean heterozygosity of the whole native egg-typing duck breeds population was lower than those of native chicken breeds and goose breeds, suggesting that the genetic diversity in those duck breeds population is relativly rare and should be strengthened. The rank of the heterozygosity was consistent with that of the polymorphism information content. The results of the genetic distances between them indicated that the differentiation occurred long time ago. In the dendrogram, Weishan pocked, Youxian pocked, Huainan pocked, Guangxi pocked and Jingjiang pocked were classified into one goup, Chaohuand Enshi pocked were the second group, Liancheng white, Putian black, Jinding, Shanma, Sansui and Shaoxing were the flnra grong.

结果表明：我国所有蛋鸭品种全部群体的平均杂合度较低，其遗传多样性相对贫乏，各保种场要加强多样性的保护；各品种的平均多态信息含量的高低与群体平均杂合度的顺序完全一致；遗传距离的计算说明了13个品种的遗传距离较远，分化时间较长；13个地方蛋鸭品种被聚类为3个类，微山麻鸭、攸县麻鸭、淮南麻鸭、广西小麻鸭、荆江麻鸭聚为一类；巢湖鸭和恩施麻鸭聚为一类；福建省的鸭种连城白鸭、莆田黑鸭、金定鸭、山麻鸭与三穗鸭、绍兴鸭聚为一类。

Six populations of Cypripedium flavum were studied on their genetic diversity, genetic structure, and clonal diversity in Zhongdian County, Yunnan Province (South-west China).

采用AFLP分子标记方法对云南中甸的6个黄花杓兰居群进行了遗传多样性水平、遗传结构及克隆多样性研究，其中两个居群用样方取样法分析其克隆空间结构。

Genetic algorithms are a class of stochastic search methods based on Darwinian models of natural selection and evolution.

遗传算法是一种借鉴生物界自然选择和自然遗传机制的随机搜索算法。

Theywere temperature sensitivity,physiological vernalization requirement,photoperiodsensitivity,intrinsic earliness and filling duration(growing degree-day),reflecting thegenetic characters of different cultivars in thermal effectiveness,vernalization,photoperiod response,minimum flowering time and filling duration.

阶段发育模型引入温度敏感性、生理春化时间、光周期敏感性、基本早熟性和灌浆持续期五个遗传参数，分别体现了不同品种小麦在热效应、春化作用、光周期反应、最早开花时间以及灌浆期长短这五个方面的遗传特性。

Transmission of transgenes to the T1 generation in a Men delian fashion was verified.

株后代（T1 代）的遗传分析表明，外源基因在后代中呈孟德尔遗传分离。

The first step of IGA was to discretize time interval and control region to make the continuous dynamic optimization problem a discrete problem.

针对化工动态优化的数值求解问题，提出将迭代思想与遗传操作相结合，构建迭代遗传算法。

Classification is one of the most important branches of DM.

遗传程序设计是遗传算法的一个变体。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。