遗传的

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

The average genetic merit of these young sires will be above that of proven sires, however as they are still unknown commodities as to what they will transmit the genetic progress is the second slowest method of genetic progress.

平均遗传优点，这些年轻的绵羊将上述行之有效的绵羊，但是由于他们仍是未知之品，因为他们将把遗传进展是第二慢方法遗传进展。

Cluster and similarity analysis of these cottons showed that the differences in genetic relationship and similarity among the brown cottons,green cottons and brown-green cottons are not remarkable.

结果表明，棕色棉之间、绿色棉之间及棕绿彩棉之间的遗传距离和相似性差异不显著，它反映了棕、绿彩棉之间的遗传基础比较狭窄，遗传多样性水平相当。

The 25 acces-sions were classified into three major groups: A, B, and C by cluster analysis using UPGMA, which showed significant relationship with the origin regions of accessions. Thus, it was suggested that the Sichuan hulless barleys could be used as elite germplasms to enhance the genetic background for super-hulless barley breeding.

聚类分析结果表明， 25份材料可分成A、B、C 3大类，材料聚类与其来源地有明显的相关性。25份材料间的平均遗传距离较小(0.3240)，平均遗传多样性较低(0.5126)，遗传基础较为狭窄。

Persica. Meanwhile, genetic diversity, genetic structure, genetic differences of demes were analyzed with RAPD markers.

与此同时，利用RAPD标记对桃遗传多样性、类群的遗传结构、类群间的遗传差异等方面进行分析。

Genetic models including genetic effects and genotype × environment intera ction effects for quantitative traits of triploid endosperms in cereal crops were used to analyze miling quality traits of indica rice in different environments.

采用包括遗传主效应和基因型与环境互作效应的种子三倍体遗传模型，分析了不同环境条件下籼稻稻米碾磨品质的遗传特性。

In addition, genetic diversity of landraces was greater in Sichuan than in the other three regions.

玉米地方品种内遗传多样性及品种间遗传距离分析结果表明，在我国西南地区，分布在四川的玉米地方品种具有最丰富的遗传变异。

In this paper, the application of SSR molecular marking in cotton genetic mapping construction, genetic diversity, variety identification and seed purity testing, accessorial breeding by molecular marking were introduced.

对SSR分子标记在棉花遗传图谱构建、遗传多样性测定、品种鉴定、种子纯度检测以及标记辅助育种等方面的应用进行了介绍，为该技术在棉花遗传育种中更好的应用提供理论参考依据。

Based on the selection of similar structure, a method for predicting the rock drillability of wildcat well is proposed.

该方法首先应用已钻相似构造井的地震资料、测井资料以及岩心测试资料，建立岩石可钻性钻前预测遗传神经网络模型，然后将神经网络与遗传算法有机结合起来，以神经网络理论为基础，利用遗传算法优化隐含层神经元个数和网络连接权值，最后利用野猫井的地震资料进行岩石可钻性钻前预测。

Genetic code The sequence of bases in either DNA or messenger RNA that conveys genetic instructions to the cell.

遗传密码：无论是 DNA 还是信使 RNA 中的碱基序列均以遗传密码子的形式把遗传信息传递给细胞。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。