遗传效应

For panicle exsertion degree large variations were observed in the DH population, but no gene interaction was detected, implying the additive effects as the genetic main effects for the trait.

在 DH 群体中，穗伸出度为-7.75 -8.93 cm ，表现出广泛的遗传变异，对该性状未检测到多基因间的上位性互作，表明加性效应为该性状的遗传主效应。

In addition, the accuracy of QTL mapping depends on the effect of putative quantitative trait loci and the value of heritability.

另外，性状遗传力和QTL效应的大小对QTL定位的准确度也有直接的影响，随着性状遗传力QTL效应的增大，两种方法QTL定位的效率均有不同程度的提高。

The results as follow:(1) The resistance,which had a great inheritability,was controlled by both additive heredity and non-additive heredity,but the former was more important than the later.(2) Restorer's GCA was more important than CMS line's,but the later had significant effect on the resistance of its crosses.(3) K42A、K40A,Duohui No.1 and Chenghui 149 had better GCA of resistance to leaf blast than the other tested parents.

结果表明，杂交水稻苗瘟抗性遗传力高，受加性和非加性基因效应共同控制，但以加性效应为主；恢复系的苗瘟抗性一般配合力效应明显相对重要于不育系，不育系苗瘟抗性一般配合力效应对Fi代的抗性有显著的影响；14个供试亲本中，多恢1号、成恢149、H42A、K40A具有较好的苗瘟抗性一般配合力效应。

The experiment preliminarily validated genetic characteristics of schizophrenia, cumulative effect of polygene, genetic heterogeneously and clinical heterogeneously.

本实验初步验证，精神分裂症的遗传特点即多基因累积效应、遗传异质性和临床异质性，为精神分裂症遗传机制的研究奠定了理论基础。

Asymmetric over-introgression of the indica alleles on chromosome 7 and many specific regions on other chromosomes in the japonica genetic background is consistent with the general trend observed in the RIL and F_2 populations of the same cross, suggesting a high genetic load in the japonica gene pool, and japonica genome experienced a very severe bottleneck by artificial domestication.2 Genetic background effect on QTL expression of grain weight and its related traitsGenetic background effect on main-effect QTL and digenic epistatic QTL mapping for GWT and its related traits including GL, GW and GT was dissected by a large set of reciprocal introgression lines and recombinant inbred lines derived from Lemont and Teqing in Beijing environment.

籼粳相互导入具有不对称性，粳稻向籼稻背景的平均导入频率与期望值相仿，相反籼稻向粳稻背景的平均导入频率大大高于理论预期，位于第7染色体和一些其它染色体的特殊区段存在籼稻等位基因的超导入现象，在来自相同亲本的重组自交系和F_2群体中也观察到同样的导入趋势，表明粳稻基因组具有较大的遗传负荷，粳稻品种在人工驯化过程中曾经历过一个非常剧烈的遗传瓶颈。2水稻籽粒相关性状的主效和互作QTL表达的遗传背景效应利用Lemont和特青培育的双向导入系和重组自交系群体，在北京环境下定位影响千粒重及其相关性状如粒长、粒宽和粒厚的主效和互作QTL，分别在特青背景导入系、Lemont背景导入系和重组自交系下检测到影响千粒重及其相关性状的主效QTL分别为33个、27个和13个，互作QTL分别为4个、8个和23个，其中仅有6个主效QTL(QGwt5，QGl1，QGl3b，QGl4，QGw7和QGw8)在籼粳两个不同背景下共同表达，3个主效QTL(QGwt5，QGwt7a和QGt5)在导入系和重组自交系中共同表达，分别占检测到影响这些性状QTL总数的11.1%和4.3%，未检测到在3个背景下相同表达的互作QTL。

ABSTRACT It is because that the excellent acceptors for maize transgenic engineering are insufficient in our country, especially in the southwest mountain areas of china and hereditary variation regularity for the two characters such as efficiency of embryonic callus induction and number of regenerating plant (these two characters were abbreviated to the nduction efficiency and number of regenerating in the following of the paper, respectively), which hint the maize culturing capacity, is not very clear. Therefore, aiming at picking out superior acceptors, we had made systematic researches on the two characters with combing traditional quantitative-character genetic analyzing methods such as single-factor genetic mating design, diallel crossing genetic design, genetic effect analyzing method and the modern molecular locating method such as QTLs'. The main results are followed.(1) 50 superior inbred lines and about 30 crosses in our country, especially in the southwest of China were used for identifying and selecting the superior genotypes in the above two investigated characters under the same culturing condition in 2000 and 2001. There was very significant difference among the genotypes in the both characters. But the two characters were not certainly related. Some genotypes such as 18-599 and 18-599 were very good in them. For some ones such as zong 31, induction was higher than 18-599 and 18-599 in the efficiency, but it was only 1/3 to the later in regenerating number. In some genotypes such as S37, R08, R15, P138, A318, induction efficiency was just about 3% and scarcely any regenerating plants were got. On the whole, hybrids acted better than inbreeds in the both characters.(2) Two kind of inbreeds were selected as parents of the Griffing's method 1. 18-599 and 18-599 and the inbred line zong 31 are one kind because they are not only superior in the characters of maize cross breeding, such as CA, resistance to disease and the important agricultural characters, but also excellent in transformation characters as the induction and regeneration.

针对我国、特别是西南山地所需玉米转基因工程育种优良受体极为匮乏和反应玉米幼胚培养能力的2个主要性状，即玉米幼胚胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数的遗传变异规律十分不清楚的实际情况，本研究从筛选玉米转基因工程所需要的优良受体入手，采用单因素遗传交配设计、双列杂交遗传交配设计、世代基因效应等传统数量性状分析方法，以及现代分子标记定位主效QTL分析方法，对玉米幼胚胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数等2个性状进行了较为系统的分析研究，取得以下主要研究结果：(1)于2000年和2001年通过对我国、特别是西南地区近50份优良自交系和近30个杂交组合，在相同培养条件下，对幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数等2个幼胚培养能力性状进行了筛选与鉴定，发现玉米不同基因型具有完全不同的幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数，但幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率与胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数并不具有必然的相关关系，有的基因型，如自交系18-599和18-599在胚性愈伤组织诱导率和愈伤组织绿苗发生数等2个性状都表现相当优异；有的基因型，如自交系综31，仅幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率性状表现高于19-599和18-599，但在胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数这一性状则与它们有相当大的差距，仅为19-599和18-599的1/3左右；有的基因型，如S37、R08、R15、P138、A318等玉米自交系不仅幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率很低，平均仅在3％左右，而且胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数表现也很差，基本上没有分化成苗。

In this paper we summarized the progress on molecular and genetic studies of maize downy mildew including genetic behave of resistance, QTL location of resistant gene, QTL effects and interactions between QTLs and environments, molecular marker and genetic diversity of resistance to maize downy mildew.

笔者从玉米霜霉病抗性的遗传表现、抗性基因的QTL定位、QTL效应及QTL与环境的互作、抗性的分子标记及抗性遗传多态性变异等方面对其分子遗传研究进展情况进行了概述。

Then, the behavior properties of synthetic musks as POPs were analyzed on the basis of their biological accumulation, environmental degradation and biological transformation. Some visible adverse ecological effects including environmental hormone toxicity, genetic toxic effects, and physiological ecotoxicity of synthetic musks, and their influences on enzymatic activity, and their toxic effects on microorganisms were also summarized.

在此基础上，从人工合成麝香的生物蓄积行为、环境降解行为和生物转化行为等3个方面，对人工合成麝香所具有的持久性有机污染物的行为特征进行了分析；概述了人工合成麝香的环境激素毒性、遗传毒性效应、生理生态毒性、对酶活性的影响以及对微生物毒性效应的研究进展，展示了人工合成麝香所可能产生的不良生态效应。

The experimental results showed that all characters accorded with the addi tiv e-dominant-epistatic model, the additive gene effect and dominant gene effect pl ayed an important role in most characters of 6 crosses, epistatic gene effects w ere significant in all crosses for the 6 investigated traits, additive generic g ene-effects were more important on the spikelets per panicle and spike lets density than its non-additive generic gene-effects (［h］+［j］+［l］), b ut the l atter were relatively more crucial on the days to heading and panicle length in the two tested lines.

结果表明：六个性状都符合加性-显性-上位性模型，加性效应对两个多小穗小麦品系各性状的遗传有重要作用，部分性状存在显著的显性效应，不同类型上位性效应对各性状有不同程度的影响；各性状之间各类基因效应平方和百分比差异较大，不同类型上位性基因效应平方和百分比大小因被测系、组合而异。

Based on the framework of the Alife evolutionary model, we proposed two different models according to Lamarck direct evolution and Baldwin effect. They are called genetic controlled evolutionary reinforced model and autonomous genetic reinforced model, both of which embodied in the mutual effect of learning and evolution.

在基于遗传算法的人工生命进化模型的结构框架下，分别依据Lamarck直接遗传方式和Baldwin效应间接遗传方式两种不同的遗传行为方式，设计了遗传监视进化强化模型和自律遗传强化模型两种不同风格的进化模型，它们都有效地体现了学习和进化之间的双向作用关系。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。