遗传性状

The course starts with reviews on the development of statistical genetics and genetic marker analysis, focuses on the basic principles of contraction of genetic map and mapping QTL, and introduces the approaches to construct genetic map for different type of populations and mapping QTL aiming at type of populations and traits.

本课程从评述数量性状研究方法和遗传标记的发展历程开始，着重讲授遗传图谱构建和基因定位的基本原理，介绍不同类型群体遗传图谱的构建方法和针对不同类型群体和性状类型的基因定位方法。

In this research, the ~ and F2 of the crosses between a natural mutant 慪34?with super-minute grain and 慪38?with super-large grain,慡huhui 881擲huhui 527?with middle grain size were carried out to study the inheritance of the grain shape (grain length, grain width, grain thickness and grain length/width ratio) and 1000-grain weight. The main results are summarized as below:? The F1 grain length, grain width, grain thickness and 1000-grain weight of three crosses were lay between the two parents and tended to Y34, which indicated that those grain traits were all governed by the dominant effect of Y34 and influenced by both female and male parents. The differences of F1 grain length, grain width, grain thickness and 1000-grain weight of positive and negative crosses between Y38 and Y34 indicated the existence of cytogene effects.? The broad heritabilities of major grain traits were calculated.

本研究利用一份水稻极小粒自然突变材料Y34与一份水稻极大粒材料Y38、两份常规籽粒大小材料蜀恢881、蜀恢527的杂交F_1及F_2，对主要粒形性状（粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比）及千粒重进行了遗传研究，根据遗传研究的结果利用微卫星标记结合F_2群分法对控制Y34短粒性状基因进行了分子标记定位，主要结果如下：●各组合F_1粒长、粒宽、粒厚和千粒重介于双亲之间且明显偏向于小值亲本 Y34，这表明粒长、粒宽、粒厚和千粒重均主要受小值亲本显性基因的控制并同时也受大值亲本核基因的影响。Y34与Y38正反交F_1在粒长、粒宽、粒厚、千粒重等性状上存在差异，表明存在细胞质效应。

To disease resistance, SP3 (from H1) had stronger ability to resist leaf mold. 4.The characters obtained by space mutation were easier to be stable. The results showed that, the differences of the flowering dates of 1st inflorescence, the positions of 1st inflorescence, number of leaves between 1st and 2nd inflorescences in the colony were decreased with the development of generations. Most of these heritable characters could be stable in SP3 and a few could be stable in SP4, 2~3 generations earlier than that of traditional breeding (The characters were stable in 6 generations.).

试验结果表明，植株的第一花序开花期、植株的第一花序节位、第一至第二花序间隔叶数及产量的株间变异（变幅、标准差和变异系数），随着世代的递增而降低，大部分株系的变异性状从SP3后就稳定遗传，少数株系的变异性状从SP4后才稳定遗传，比一般常规育种的6个世代开始稳定，可提早2～3个世代，经地面定向选择能较快选出综合性状优良的目标株系。

And it also showed that the inheritance of the growth-rate and pathogenicity to cotton seedlings of XC-6 could not be inherited steadily in zoospore progenies and oospore progeny, but the colonyKey words: Phytophthora boehmeriae, Biological character, Inheritance

同时，XC-6生长速率、对棉苗的致病力、菌落形态及同宗配合遗传和变异特性研究表明，其生长速率和对棉苗的致病力性状在单游动孢子后代和自交后代均不能稳定遗传，但菌落形态和同宗配合特性在单游动孢子后代和自交后代均能稳定遗传，提示上述性状在单游动孢子后代和自交后代的遗传和变异特性可能与菌株长期自交和种内杂交有关。

Understand the correlation and space distribution between the provenances that to apply the factor analysis with principal components solution and Cluster analysis.

本试验欲探讨种源之变异状况，并计算广义遗传率及遗传变方百分率，以了解遗传之特性；测验其生长性状之相关性，并利用线性回归，试图找出最适合台湾四湖海岸生长之种源及早期选拔之年龄；利用主成份因子分析做形态性状之综合评估，以了解种源之形态特性，并利用主成分因子分析和归群分析，了解种源间之空间分布及相互关系。

The results indicate that white feather of White Leghorn chicken and black feather of Shou-Guang chicken are complete dominance heredity to hemp feather of Tibetan chicken. Hemp feather is determinate by two or more than two alleles. Only these two or above two alleles is of concurrence, then hemp feather displays possibly. Id/id allele decided shank color is of sex-linkage inheritance, recessive gene id homozygote has process which expresses gradually. We confirm that genotype of shank color in White Leghorn chicken in this paper is the dominant homozygote.

结果表明，白来航鸡的白羽和寿光鸡的黑羽对藏鸡麻羽的遗传方式是完全显性遗传；麻羽是由两个或两个以上的等位基因决定的，只有同时存在这两个或两个以上的等位基因，才可能表现出麻羽来；决定胫色性状的Id/id基因为伴性遗传，隐性基因id在纯合子时有个逐步表达的过程；本研究证实了所用白来航公鸡胫色性状的基因型为显性纯合子。

Feather color and shank color performance and separated proportion of F1 and F2 were observed. The results indicate that white feather of White Leghorn chicken and black feather of Shou-Guang chicken are complete dominance heredity to hemp feather of Tibetan chicken. Hemp feather is determinate by two or more than two alleles. Only these two or above two alleles is of concurrence, then hemp feather displays possibly. Id/id allele decided shank color is of sex-linkage inheritance, recessive gene id homozygote has process which expresses gradually. We confirm that genotype of shank color in White Leghorn chicken in this paper is the dominant homozygote.

结果表明，白来航鸡的白羽和寿光鸡的黑羽对藏鸡麻羽的遗传方式是完全显性遗传；麻羽是由两个或两个以上的等位基因决定的，只有同时存在这两个或两个以上的等位基因，才可能表现出麻羽来；决定胫色性状的Id/id基因为伴性遗传，隐性基因id在纯合子时有个逐步表达的过程；本研究证实了所用白来航公鸡胫色性状的基因型为显性纯合子。

Flower sex expression of monoecious lines (ATA-A and ATA-B) and andromonoecious lines and their offsprings (F1 and F2 and BC1) was investigated. Results showed that the flower expression character of that monoecious lines of melon was controlled by a pair of genes at one single locus,and the Monoecious character was controlled by the dominant gene.

通过对甜瓜单性花系ATA-A、ATA-B及他们的杂交后代F1、F2、BC1的花性型分离情况进行统计分析研究后认为，甜瓜单性花性状由一对基因控制的质量性状，单性花性状由显性基因所控制，其遗传符合孟德尔遗传规律。

Firstly, the course reviews the basic knowledge about matrix algebra and linear model, and introduce the BLUP for mixed linear model, then, learn the approaches to contruct and solve various animal models, including single trait animal model, repeatability model, maternal model, threshold model, random regression model, non-additive model and multiple traits model, finally, train application of animal model to animal genetic evaluation by means of a software on estimation of breeding values.

本课程首先回顾有关矩阵代数和线性模型的基础知识，介绍线性混合模型的BLUP求解方法，然后根据动物性状和动物育种资料的类型和特点，具体讲授不同种类动物模型，包括单性状动物模型、单性状重复率模型、单性状母体效应模型、单性状阈模型、单性状随机回归模型、单性状非加性效应模型和多性状动物模型等的建立和求解方法。最后，结合动物育种值估计软件，进行动物模型在动物生产性能的遗传评估中的应用训练。

In order to investigate the molecular genetic basis of grain qulity and find useful information for genetic improvement to grain quality, molecular maker linkage map was construct with DH population derived from "Nong xi110×Nong xi531","DH8×DH40"and"DH86×Shen 137"by SSR markers;then 83,38 and 44 DH lines were analysised and identified for grain quality;in the end quantitative trait lociassociated traits related grain quality were identified and analyzed in this study.

本研究利用SSR标记构建基于组合&农系531×农系110&(农单5群体)、&DH8×DH40&和&DH86x沈137&的分子标记连锁图谱，并对该三个群体的83个、38个和44个DH株系的籽粒品质性状进行了分析和鉴定，以探索控制籽粒品质性状QTL位点与遗传效应，为玉米籽粒品质性状的遗传改良提供理论依据。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。