遗传学

If RB1 molecular genetic testing is not available or is uninformative, indirect testing using polymorphic loci linked to the RB1 gene can be used in familial RB to clarify the genetic status of at-risk family members.

如果无法对 RB1做分子遗传学检测或检测无有效信息，用与 RB1基因连锁的多态位点进行间接的检测同样能用于在家族性 RB 中阐明易感家族成员的遗传状况。

Although written from experience with shaded American Shorthairs, the genetics are applicable to other breeds and many of the same genes work in nonshaded patterns, such as the classic tabby pattern. This manuscript is meant to provide the readership with information about to the genetic inheritance of the shaded pattern and to show the relationship of shaded and unpatterned tabbies with stripes.

虽然这种经验记载于阴影美国短毛猫中，但这个遗传学规律也应用于其它品种而且很多的相同的遗传规律作用于非阴影图案当中，比如标准斑的图案。

The discoveries are helping to refine the prevailing theories of genetics , or even upend them .

这些新发现有助于完善流行的遗传学理论，甚至于彻底改写它们。

In recent years, with the development of medical science, rapid progress is made in dermatology and venereology. Correspondingly many branches such as dermatopathology, dermatophysiology, dermatoimmunology, dermatomycology, dermatogenetics, dermatocosmetology and dermatosurgery emerge.

近年来，随着医学的发展，皮肤性病学也相应地进入了一个飞跃发展的阶段，并分出许多分支：如皮肤组织病理学、皮肤生理学、皮肤免疫学、皮肤真菌学、皮肤遗传学、皮肤美容学、皮肤外科学等。

Molecular genetic studies on HD have been mainly focusing on photoperiod and vernalization, very few studies have involved thermosensory.

植物成花分子遗传学研究主要集中在光周期及春化作用上，关于感温性的遗传研究很少。

Chromosome abnormalities was the most important reason in missed abortion,and karyotype analysis of chorionic villus has important clinical significance.

结论胚胎染色体数目异常是稽留流产患者的重要病因，进行绒毛细胞遗传学分析具有重要临床意义。

First introduced byC.H. Waddington in 1939 to name "the causal interactions betweengenes and their products, which bring the phenotype into being," 3 epigenetics was later defined as heritable changes in gene expressionthat are not due to any alteration in the DNA sequence.

首先， C.H。 Waddington 在1939年命名为"基因和产物偶然的相互作用使表现型成为客观存在"，表观遗传学后来被定义为基因表达的遗传改变，而不是由于 DNA 序列的任何改变。

In 1942, Conrad Waddington coined the term "epigenetics" to describe this idea that an organism's experience may cause its genes to behave (or "express themselves") differently.

在1942年 Conrad Waddington发明了表观遗传学这一术语来描述生物体所经历的后天环境能够显著影响内部基因的外在表现。

Though the Waddington and von Bertalanffy programs have not been confirmed in the typical accomplishments and representations in molecular biology in general, and molecular genetics in particular, there are interesting advances that fall between those searches for broad theories couched in mathematically precise differential equation form, and the narrow classes of mechanisms, usually described in qualitative multilevel causal language, that constitute the vast majority of current biomedical explainers.

Waddington 和 von Bertalanffy氏方法，尽管其贡献和代表性并没有在一般意义上得到分子生物学或者在特别意义上得到分子遗传学的确认，但还是在以下方面产生了有益的进展，即，它使我们的广泛的理论搜寻进步到精确的数学微分方程式的形式和通常以定性的多级因果语言来描述的机理的狭窄类别之间，由此构建了当代生物医学因果辨析的主体内容。

The mechanism of pollen abortion in Chinese white poplar was revealed systematically from the observation of cytogenetics in this paper,that is,principally,resulted from interactions between environment and genetic heterogenetic basis of the species.

从细胞遗传学角度较为系统地揭示了毛白杨花粉败育的机制，即主要是毛白杨异质性遗传基础与环境相互作用的结果。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。