遗传型的

The structures and stabilities of the ground-states for Cu13-nAgn clusters have been studied by Gupta model potential based on tight binding second moment approximation in combination with a genetic algorithm. It is found that the lowest energy structures of the pure clusters (n=0,13) are perfect icosahedron, and the structures for the bimetallic clusters (n=1～10) have stable structure which are slightly deformed with respect to the perfect icosahedron, The Cu atom prefers to occupy the center of the clusters with higher coordination numbers.

在混合团簇基态结构优化的遗传算法方案中增加了交换算子，结合Gupta紧束缚模型势研究了Cu13-nAgn团簇的最低能量结构，选择合适的交换和杂交概率，可有效地提高优化效率，优化结果表明，Cu13和Ag13是全对称的二十面体，n=1～10的混合团簇能形成稳定结构，其构型是在二十面体基础上发生畸变，Cu原子趋于处在团簇中心，随着Ag原子数目的增加，原子间的平均距离单调增加，团簇的结合能单调减小，Cu2Ag12和CuAg12只存在亚稳结构。

Given this assumption, even if the parameters of the system are randomly perturbed, by either genetic mutation, environmental variance or experimental manipulation during development, the system will generate a limited and discrete subset of phenotypes. Thus the realm of possible forms is a property of the internal structure of the system.

而在这种假设的前提下，即使系统各参数值受到发育过程中的随机扰动（或者是遗传突变，或者是环境变化或人工实验操纵），系统会产生出某个某个有限的、离散的表型[11]子集，因此，生物可能形态的王国，其疆域从属于生命系统的内在结构。

The effective heat-transfer temperature difference of every effect of multi-effect evaporation subsystem and the preheat temperature rise Δt_(p,j of every level of multi-level preheat subsystem of the design model were distributed by equal heating area, equal heat-transfer temperature difference, and free proration methods.

设计型模型对多效蒸发子系统各效有效传热温差Δt_i的分配和多级预热子系统各级预热温升Δt_的分配分别采用等面积法、等温差法、自由配比法等进行分配并采用矩阵法结合迭代法进行设计模拟计算，其中自由配比法巧妙地将具有复杂约束条件的决策变量Δt_i和Δt_转化为取值0～1的中间决策变量τ_i、τ_，为Δt_i和Δt_的自由搜索进而为优化设计提供了一个简便的方法；在常规设计模拟计算的基础上，建立了复杂多效蒸发系统优化设计模型，该模型以系统年总费用最小为优化目标，以生蒸汽温度T_0、冷凝器中二次蒸汽温度T_K、蒸发温差配比系数τ_i和预热温升配比系数τ_为决策变量，采用遗传算法结合矩阵法求解。

The data byχ~2 were consistent with the separation ratio as 1: 2: 1 χ~2=4.028＜χ_(0.05,2~2=5.99, which further conformed that glandless character was controlled by a incomplete dominance gene, Gl_2~e. 2. SSR markers every about 5cM were selected in the chromosome 12 of our lab genetic linkage map to screen the parent plants. The markers with the polymorphism were used to amplify the DNA of 210 F_2 segregating plants selected randomly and recorded the marker genotypes. After eliminating the segregation distortion markers byχ~2 test, other SSR markers were detected by linkage analysis.

二、参照本实验室海陆种间遗传连锁图谱第12染色体上的SSR标记，平均每5cM左右选择一个标记进行亲本多态性的筛选，筛选出具有多态性的标记位点进一步扩增随机抽取的210个F_2群体单株的DNA，鉴定每个个体的标记基因型。X~2检测剔除偏分离标记后进行连锁分析，发现Gl_2~e基因位于CIR362与NAU5079之间，进一步参考图谱上位于CIR362与NAU5079之间的标记加密图谱，最终将其定位在CIR362和NAU2251b、NAU3860b、STV033之间。

Our research utilized two cell lines carrying a bisatellite microchromosome originated from two normal phenotypic families found by Professor Jiahui Xia to make the BM become a new vector for gene therapy. The research will finally establish a novel vector that can be steadily transmitted, has enough capacity to carry foreign genes, has no harm to human being, has no immunogenecity and is easy to transfer. This research can provide brand new vector tool for gene therapy of human hereditary diseases and tumors.

本研究利用夏家辉教授发现的2个带有双随体小染色体而表型正常的家系所建立的细胞株作为研究材料，用BM作为基因治疗新载体，以求最终建立一种能稳定遗传、携带外源基因容量足够大、对人体无害、无免疫原性和易于基因转移的新型载体，为人类遗传病和肿瘤的基因治疗提供崭新的载体工具。

Firstly, an invasive species must be invasive enough in itself or has some biological distinction, such as quantitative and qualitative differences in the genome, or patterns of recombination. Secondly, to invade successfully, a new environment for an invasive species must be invasible, and this we may call the ecological basis of invasion. An invasive species may need to establish new interactions with other species, especially those mutualistic relations such as animal related pollination, seed dispersal by animals, mycorrhizal fungi, and symbioses between plants and nitrogen fixing bacteria.

首先从其自身来说，需要有足够的入侵性，这可以认为是入侵种的生物学基础，可能表现为具有多倍性、一定的遗传变异、杂合性或表型可塑性，以及不同的交配系统等；其次一个物种的入侵成功还取决于入侵生境的可入侵性，这可以认为是入侵种的生态学基础，而新的种间关系的形成，尤其是入侵种与其他种类的互惠共生关系的建成是关键。

Considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular basis of Rh in the past 10 years. The bases of Rh inheritance, RH gene and its evolution, the structure and function of Rh complex, as well as nonerythroid Rh homolog, have been determined.

过去的10年间，Rh血型的研究取得了极大的进展，得到了大量分子生物学的研究资料，如Rh血型的遗传方式、RH基因及其进化过程、Rh复合体的结构与功能、红细胞外Rh相似蛋白的表达，Rh基因分型技术也进一步得到发展与改进。

Based on the traits and the molecular markers of Sorghum×Sudan grass, the near-isogenic lines (N1Ls) of plant height, leaf number and related molecular markers were determined from the recombinant inbred line F(subscript 6:7) family. The material could be used for the QTLs analysis.

以株高等表型性状和分子标记为基础，从高粱×苏丹草的F(下标 6：7)重组自交系群体中分离株高、叶片数2个性状及对这2个性状有效应的分子标记的近等基因系，为精确定位性状的QTL及分析QTL的作用提供有用的遗传材料。

This thesis with lie to lead to acquire through the agriculture rod bacteria of turn the gene paddy rice T0 and a seeds in order to experiment the material, the adoption PCR examination and Southerns are miscellaneous to hand over the examination to combine together of method, pass the examination conversion plant posterity in the HPT( the Hygromycin phosphotransferase) gene, study the outside source gene in turn the gene paddy rice posterity of separation circumstance and heredity stability;Pass the influence to a form of form of the conversion plant carries on statistics to learn the analysis, studying the outside source gene to the conversion the sex form of plant.

本论文以通过农杆菌介导获得的转基因水稻T0和T1代种子为试验材料，采用PCR检测和Southern杂交检测相结合的方法，通过检测转化植株后代中HPT基因，研究外源基因在转基因水稻后代中的分离情况和遗传稳定性；通过对转化植株的表型性状进行统计学分析，研究外源基因对转化植株的性状的影响。

The functional allele at the W locus is Ipmyb2, which was newly found in Chinese populations, and it differs mainly in the intron regions from those of the reported allele Ipmyb1; in comparison to Ipmyb2, the newly found second allele ipmyb2 has eight substitutions in the exons, a 6-bp deletion, and a 19-bp deletion, causing ORF shifting, and exists mostly in white-flowered individuals.

以上结果表明：1花青素代谢途径上酶基因的位点均有一定程度的多态，其中尤以ANS为最高；调控基因ipmyb2的核苷酸缺失造成该基因停止功能，使其纯合子的个体开白色花。2授粉者所介导的花色表型选择确实在中国种群中发生，有可能进一步增加花色代谢途径上基因位点的遗传变异。

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。