遗传

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

The SCA effect was important in the heterosis of the spike number per plant of the intervarietal hybrid, the SCA and GCA were both important in the heterosis of the grain number of main spike of the intervarietal hybrid; the SCA effect played an major role in the heterosis of the spike number per plant of the interspecific crosses of the common wheat and club wheat, the SCA effect played an major role in the heterosis of the 1000-grain weight of the interspecific crosses of the common wheat and spelt wheat.

普通小麦品种间杂种每株穗数杂种优势中，特殊配合力所代表的非加性遗传效应起了主要作用，而主穗粒数杂种优势中一般配合力、特殊配合力所代表的加性、非加性遗传效应所起的作用相当；普通小麦与密穗小麦种间杂种主穗粒数杂种优势中特殊配合力所代表的非加性遗传效应起了主要作用；普通小麦与斯卑尔脱小麦间杂种千粒重杂种优势中特殊配合力所代表的非加性遗传效应起了主要作用。

By determing the photosynthetic production rates in the 46 hybrids and 21 parental inbred lines, the results show that the dominancy of average photosynthetic production rate in F1 is 16.4 %; when the parent of high photosynthetic production rate is used as female parent, the dominancy of the photosynthetic production rate in F1 is over its parent by 8.8 %, otherwise, used as male parent, by 0.9%.

通过对46个杂种及21亲本自交系光合生产率的测定结果表明：F_1平均光合生产率优势为16.4%。用高光合生产率亲本作母本时，F_1光合生产率优势超亲8.8%，反交F_1光合生产率优势超亲0.9%；母本光合生产率遗传力，大于父本光合生产率遗传力11倍。低光合生产率亲本的光合生产率遗传力大于高光合生产率亲本光合生产率的遗传力1.6倍。

The seeds could not be stored for a long time and the number of germination was 50% or so when seeds were cold stored . We can infer through analyzing the inheritance of some character of Gerbera jamesonii that the expression of red flower color of hybrids somewhat trended to that of female parents , plant height、flower diameter and flower doubleness had a declined tendency .

通过对杂交组合F1代的部分性状遗传变异情况分析可知：非洲菊舌状花瓣的红色具有偏母性遗传的倾向；单瓣性具有一定的遗传优势，重瓣型不具有遗传优势；杂交F1代的株高和花径呈趋小性衰减的趋势。

To improve the yield and quality of wheat is an important project to breeder with genetic method. Wild emmer (Triticum. Dicoccoides Kom), as a close species to common wheat, has many good characteristics which can be used to improve common wheat (. T. aestivum L) and is precious material in wheat evalution.

野生二粒小麦(Triticum.dicoccoides Kom)作为与普通小麦(T.aestivum L)亲缘关系较近的一个种，具有许多优良的特性，在小麦的遗传改良中占据着重要的位置，同时，野生二粒小麦是也是研究普通小麦遗传进化的珍贵材料本研究运用SSR分子标记方法对野生二粒小麦与普通小麦的A、B染色体组的同源性进行研究；同时，为了探讨野生二粒小麦的耐盐性能否应用在普通小麦的遗传改良中，采用水培法对从以色列引进的93份野生二粒小麦的耐盐性进行了初步探讨，为普通小麦的遗传改良提供实验依据。

The theory and the implementation of the genetic algorithms are discussed in detail. The question on how to choose the crossover probability, the mutation probability, the scale of population and the numbers of the generation is discussed. Then, the mathematics model of the optimal design is established. Exerting the finite element of elastic base beam and using FORTRAN to write the GAFORTRAN program. The program includes the common genetic algorithms and the modified genetic algorithms.

详细介绍了遗传算法的理论和实现技术，探讨了交叉概率、变异概率、群体规模、进化代数等变量的选取问题，建立起了基于遗传算法的深基坑支护结构设计的优化模型，结合弹性地基梁有限元法，利用FORTRAN语言编制了GAFORTRAN优化程序，程序中包括普通遗传算法和改进遗传算法。

Being an excellent molecular genetic marker, SSR has been widely applied in many fields including detection of genetic diversity, germplasm identification, genetic linkage map construction, gene mapping and molecular marker-assisted breeding.

SSR是一种优秀的分子遗传标记，已经广泛应用到遗传多样性检测、遗传种质鉴定、遗传连锁图谱构建、基因定位与标记辅助育种等多个领域。

Optimal algorithm of combined nonlinear Hopfield network appears powerful validity in solving nonlinear planning, which includes nonlinear objective function, linear constrains and high-demension of decision-making variants, for its ability of nonlinear parallel computation. It is prominent among optimal algorithms because of its function of simply implement with electrocircuit hardware. Genetic algorithm is expressly suitable for optimal calculation regarding the planning of massive, highly nonlinear, inconsecutively differentiable and multiobjective function as well as objective function without analytical expression. However, it inclines to prematurity, as well as its limitation in ability of partial optimal search. Introducing the optimal algorithm of niche genetic simulated annealing to standard Genetic algorithm, can therefore improve the full-scale or partial search ability of Genetic algorithm effectively. It has a far-flung perspective in the field of systemic planning of water pollution control.

组合式非线性Hopfield网络优化算法所具有的非线性大规模并行计算能力在求解具有非线性目标函数、线性约束条件及高维决策变量的非线性规划问题方面显示出了强大的生命力，它易于电路硬件实现的功能更是在优化算法中独树一帜；遗传算法采用概率搜索技术，不受目标函数与约束条件的限制，特别适合大规模、高度非线性的不连续可微的多峰目标函数及无解析表达式的目标函数的规划问题的优化计算，但其存在容易早熟、局部寻优能力较差等缺点，本文在标准遗传算法中引入小生境技术及模拟退火算法有效地改善遗传算法的全局和局部搜索性能，提高了全局最优解的寻优质量，小生境遗传退火模拟优化算法在水污染控制系统规划中的应用前景极为广阔。

Or 10.40％ of the variation was partitioned among voltinism populations. The Nm (4. 3065) showed that there was to some extent gene flow among three voltinism populations. The average Nei's genetic identity was 0.9637. The genetic distance between V1 population and cultivated V1 population was the biggest (0.0438) and the less was 0.0370 between V1 population and V2 population.

Nei基因多样性指数也是2化群体最大（0.2631），1化群体次之（0.2485），培育1化性群体最小（0.1709），3个群体之间的遗传分化系数为0.1040，即3个化性群体之间的遗传变异占到总遗传变异的10.40％。3个化性群体之间的基因流达到4.3065，表明化性群体间存在着一定程度的基因交流。3个群体之间的遗传一致度为0.9637，遗传距离以培育1化性群体与1化性群体最大（0.0438），以1化群体与2化群体最小（0.0370）。

The results indicated that the c-terminal fragment of Arabidopsis CRY1 gene was successfully integrated into the rape genome, mainly in the form of tabling, with a few in the form of single copy. The transformed gene could be stablytransmitted in the progeny, with a transmitted line rate of 62.5%. The genetic pattern of the transformed gene in the T_2 generation was mostly non-Mendelian. The transgene was expressed in some of the transgenic plants, but kept silent, in other plants.

结果表明，转化的外源目的基因多数以嵌合形式，少数以单拷贝形式整合到转基因甘蓝型油菜的基因组中；目的基因能稳定地遗传给后代，株系间遗传传递率为62.5％；T_2代的遗传行为少数呈现孟德尔遗传，多数呈现非孟德尔遗传现象；拟南芥CRY1基因能在转基因油菜中表达，但也出现了沉默现象。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。