遗传

The 54 accessions were classified into five major groups:Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ and Ⅴ by cluster analysis using UPGMA, which showed significant relationship with the origin regions of accessions. Genetic differentiation between and within eight eco-geographical groups of C.dactylon was estimated by Shannon's diversity index, which showed that 63.81% genetic variance existed within group, and 36.19 % genetic variance was among groups, indicating rather large genetic distances among those germplasm, and there was a correlation between genetic differentiation and eco-geographical habits among the groups.

聚类分析结果表明，52份材料可聚为5类；基于Shannon多样性指数估算了8个狗牙根生态地理类群内和类群间的遗传分化，类群内的遗传变异占总变异的63.81%，类群间的遗传变异占总变异的36.19%，表明这些抗源材料遗传差异较大，各生态地理类群间的遗传分化与其所处的生态地理环境具有一定的相关性。

Endangered Abies yuanbaoshanensis will probably have been extinct,so it very necessary to studying its genetic diversity with a proper way in order to save this key group of biological diversity in China.In the present study,AFLP(amplified fragment length polymorphism) markers was used to examine population of Abies yuanbaoshanensis in order to understand the level of population genetic variation and genetic structure.

首先，物种的遗传多样性是长期进化的结果，是其生存和发展的前提，对遗传多样性进行研究可以为分析濒危物种或种群的进化潜力和未来命运提供重要资料；其次，遗传多样性是保护生物学研究的核心之一，不了解种内遗传变异大小、时空分布及其与环境条件的关系，就无法采用科学有效的措施来挽救濒于灭绝的物种、保护受到威胁的物种，对珍惜濒危物种制定合理的保护方针和策略，有赖于对物种遗传多样性的认识。

Besides, the genetic differentiation also existed among subpopulations. We deduced that the limited gene flow and breeding type were important factors leading to genetic differentiation. The genetic structure of Aristida pennata populations reflected its characteristics of clone reproduction and the good adaption to the severe environments.

本研究认为羽毛三芒草种群遗传多样性很丰富，遗传结构较为复杂，亚种群间遗传多样性大，亚种群间存在一定遗传分化，基因流和繁育方式是导致种群遗传分化的主要因素。

The strong FSGS and large genetic patches may induced high level of biparental inbreeding, which reduced effective outcrossing rate.

综合野生大豆遗传多样性水平、遗传结构与交配系统的研究进行分析，在制定野生大豆保护策略特别是原位保护策略时，保持种群生境一定程度的自然扰动可以打破种群内空间遗传结构或是减弱空间遗传结构，这将提高有效异交的频率，增加种群内杂合子的频率，从而维持种群内较高的遗传多样性水平，保持野生大豆的进化潜力。

The results showed that tiller number is mainly controlled by both the general genetic factor and the GE interaction factor (with 61.7﹪ of the general heritability and 17.2﹪ of the GE interaction heritability).A total number of 19 QTLs was detected to associate with tiller number. Of these, 9 and 6 QTLs were with single locus effects and digenic effects, respectively. The epistatic effect between QTL 1-8 and QTL 1-12 was suggested to be a major effect due to the contribution of 21.6﹪ in spring season.

结果表明，分蘖数主要由普通遗传因素和互作遗传因素控制(呈现61.7﹪的普通遗传率和17.2﹪的互作遗传率)，共有19个QTLs与分蘖数有关，其中9个和6对QTLs分别具有单位点的遗传效应和2位点的互作效应，QTL1-8和QTL 1-12的上位性效应由于在春季的贡献率达21.6﹪，因而认为是一对主效。

Result The ordinary broad sense heritability rates of various traits were at extremely significant level, specially, that of bell weight, lint percentage, top stem thickness were more than 50% and that of the ginned cotton output per plant, bells per plant, plant height, stem thickness of cotyledon node were lower. The ordinary narrow sense heritability of the ginned cotton output per plant and bells per plant were 24% and 25% resp. and that of bell weight and lint percentage etc. were lower or zero.

结果］各性状的普通广义遗传率均达极显著水平，特别是铃重、衣分、顶部茎粗的普通广义遗传率达50%以上，单株皮棉产量、单株铃数、株高、子叶节茎粗普通广义遗传率较低，单株皮棉产量和单株铃数的普通狭义遗传力分别为24%和25%，铃重、衣分等性状的普通狭义遗传力较低或为0。

Besides, it is consistent with the asymmetrical gene flow from monogynous to polygynous populations through males in monogyne..Therefore, the cuticular chemicals can not be cluster well between monogynous and polygynous ants, and the variance of chemicals of the latter is higher than those of the former.

由於这些化学物质的合成受到遗传影响，这种现象显示两个涵义，第一个是单蚁后社会型的工蚁对其他蚁后有强烈的排他性而造成的选汰压力导致其遗传结构上较为均质，另一个涵义显示单蚁后社会型的遗传组成可藉由雄蚁将其基因带入多蚁后社会型的遗传组成，但反之则不然；因此二者之间无法分群，且后者的遗传变异较前者为大。

The experiment showed: 1PER, EST and AMY were polymorphic, meanwhile the isozymic chromatograph could identify the cultivars in this study; 2Two multifoliolate cultivars had specific isozyme loci PER-4, and the level of PER activity of the internal cultivars was higher than the external cultivars; 3 Genetic similarity and euclidean coefficient between the cultivars were 0.826-0.952, 0.500-1.118, between the multifoliolate cultivars were 0.904, 0.500; 4 Multifoliolate cultivares were classified for one type, and others for two other types.

结果表明：1测定的5种同工酶中过氧化物酶、酯酶、淀粉酶具有多态性，综合此3种酶酶谱可以鉴定供试的7个品种；22个多叶型品种具有一共同特征酶带PER-4，国内品种的过氧化物酶活性明显高于国外品种；3品种间的遗传一致度为0.826～0.952，欧氏遗传距离为0.500～1.118，多叶型品种间遗传一致度为0.904，欧氏遗传距离为0.500；4等级聚类分析结果为，以欧氏遗传距离0.400为分界，供试品种分为3类，2个多叶型品种为一类，其余的5种三叶型品种分为另两类。

Moreover, the actual allele frequency of most varieties deviates far from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. All PPB、na 、I、h、Gi and Fst have proved to be the references to elucidate that ISSR is a most powerful tool to analyze genetic diversity, compared with the RAPD marker and the allozyme marker is less strong ordinally. We could divided the 70 samples into A, B, C, D and E five groups using three methods according to genetic distance clustering. There is a bit displacement for few varieties in different clustering maps, but the most are similar to morphological analysis despite that there is still a great difference among cultivars in the same one group. The above results imply that the three methods have the different sensitivity and resolution in genetic distance analysis of close varieties. The Mantel test indicates that the results from the three kinds of markers have the significant correlation, which demonstrates that the number of the used three kinds of markers is enough to exactly detect the diversity of all 70 samples to ideal extent. And these methods can be used to evaluate the diversity of the whole group using the miscellaneous samples instead of the individual sample, of the Gerbera jamesonii are mainly from tissue culture plants. In conclusion, the above study results provide a reference for the application of three kinds of molecular markers to molecular marker-assisted breeding of flower. 2. The genetic diversity among the eight introduced cut-flower varieties of Ranunculus asiatica was analyzed by the ISSR markers. Based on the genetic clustering tree, all the colorful flower varieties are clustered into one group, and the white flower varieties into another group. Moreover, among the former group the yellow flower varieties are clustered into one sub-group, and the reddish flower varieties, such as rose color, pink, nacarat, are clusetered into another sub-group.

由三种分子标记的分析结果可以看出，等位基因平均值、观察杂合度、Fis值、Fit值皆较高，表明非洲菊等位基因较丰富，杂合基因偏多，且绝大部份品种的实际等位基因频率在品种内偏离了Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium；PP8、na、Ⅰ、h、Gi及Fst皆表明，ISSR检测遗传多样性的能力最强，其次是RAPD，等位酶最低；根据遗传距离进行聚类，三种方法都把70个品种分成A、B、C、D、E五个大组，每一组中除少数品种发生位移外，大部份品种分类结果相似，且与形态分析结果有相似性，但在每一组中，品种间的聚类差别较大，表明这三种方法在近距离品种间检测遗传变异时灵敏度及分辨力不同；Mantel检测表明，三种标记的分析结果有显著相关性，表明所用的三种分子方法的标记数量已经可以相对无偏地检测到70个品种间遗传变异；非洲菊为组培苗，三种标记的检测结果皆表明，混合样品可以作为个体样品的代表，对整个居群的遗传多样性进行评价；这些研究结果可为三种分子标记方法在花卉分子辅助育种中的进一步应用提供借鉴。

The medium level of overall genetic diversity and medium Fixation Index (Fst=0.193) indicated that the Oncorhynchus mykis reared in Gansu had relatively medium genetic variation.

综合分析，认为甘肃金鳟遗传性状基本稳定，遗传变异度较高，遗传多样性相对丰富，具有较大的遗传潜力，与道氏虹鳟和日本金鳟群体间分化明显，人工选育对群体的遗传变异产生了一定的影响。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。