遗传

In this paper a genetic algorithm four-dimension data assimilation system was applied to the more complex MM5 model, we verify the performance of the genetic algorithm assimilation system, we take the a heavy rainfall process during 04-05, July, 2003 as the experimental research object, and carry out data assimilation experiment of actual observation data, compare the experimental results of the genetic algorithm assimilation system and MM5 adjoint model assimilation system with the experimental results without assimilation, the following is the result:genetic algorithm assimilation system is used not only in a barotropic primitive equation but also in the complex model, MM5, for example, in the ideal experiment the result of the genetic algorithm assimilation system is better than the MM5 adjoint model assimilation system, in the assimilation experiment of actual observation data, whichever assimilation system is used, the initial field of numerical prediction model is effectively improved and the prediction effect of physical field and rainfall are somewhat enhanced.

本文将遗传算法的四维同化系统运用到更复杂的MM5模式中，在理想实验中验证遗传算法同化系统的性能，并以2003年7月4日"南京暴雨"作为研究对象，进行了实际观测资料的同化，并将遗传算法同化系统和MM5伴随模式同化系统得到的结果跟未同化的结果进行了比较，结果如下：遗传算法同化系统不仅可以用在正压原始方程模式上，同样也可以用在MM5等复杂模式上，理想实验证明了遗传算法同化系统优于MM5伴随同化系统，在实际观测资料同化中，采用两种方法的同化系统都能有效地改善数值预报模式的初始场，能在一定程度上提高物理量场和降水量的预报效果。

This study aims to explore the following questions: differences of the genetic polymorphism among seasonal populations; differences of genetic diversity among four age groups and between two different gender populations; testifying the Ford and Chitty hypothesis; the relationship between the genetic diversity and geographic distance; the relationship between the genetic diversity and population density; edge effect on genetic diversity.

主要探讨以下问题：季节种群间遗传多态的差异；种群年龄组和性别间遗传多样性的差异；Ford和Chitty的假说；种群遗传多样性与空间距离的关系；种群遗传多样性与密度的关系；中心区、边缘区和半岛区种群遗传多样性的差异。

When we met the data of genetic variation of East Asian Cyprinid group, the mean sequence divergences between groups were higher than that between Cultrinae taxa,then we could conclude that CO1 gene was a valid marker for DNA barcoding of East Asian endemic Cyprinid taxa.

对整个东亚特有鲤科鱼类平均种间遗传距离分析，发现其平均种间遗传距离显著大于鲌亚科平均种间遗传距离(鲌亚科平均种间遗传距离远大于平均种内遗传距离)，据此推断线粒体CO1基因能在东亚特有类群中有效的进行物种鉴定。

In the early stage of the genetic algorithms, the three genetic mechanisms are used both in integer part and decimal part, so that the genetic algorithms have stronger global search ability, keep the population diversity efficiently and avoid falling into local extremum. In the later stage of the genetic algorithms, the three genetic operators are used in decimal part, so the genetic algorithms have stronger local search ability and fast convergence ability.

在遗传算法开始阶段，该编码算子进行整数部分和小数部分的遗传操作，使得遗传算法在早期具有很强的全局搜索能力，避免陷人局部极值；在后期进行小数部分的遗传操作，使得遗传在后期具有很强的局部搜索能力，能够很快地搜索到全局极值。

Genetic algorithm and three kinds of hybrid genetic algorithms are presented for parallel machines earliness/tardiness production line scheduling problem.

三。对并行机器生产线提前／拖后调度问题提出了遗传算法和三种混合遗传算法（基于进化交叉的遗传算法、基于模拟退火的遗传算法、基于进化交叉及模拟退火的遗传算法）。

The application of the RFLP technique in the plant genetie and breeding were summarized in follwing six aspects: lThe construction of linkage genetic maps; 2The application of RFLP Linkage genetic maps in the graminaceous crops;.3Following the tracks and appraisal of the chromosome or.its fragment analyses of the systemtic development; 4The research of the quantitative trait inherit...

本文介绍了RFLP技术的原理及特点，并从六个方面综述了国内外RFLP技术在植物遗传育种中的应用：（1）连锁遗传图谱的构建；（2）RFLP连锁遗传因在禾本科植物中的应用，（3）跟踪、鉴定染色体或其片段、分析系统发育；（4）数量性状遗传的研究；（5）优良性状及抗性材料的筛选；（6）种质资源遗传多样性的研究。

This study showed that population genetic diversity was much lower than other Gymnosperm and there was no distinct genetic differentiation among individuals in this population. In order to protect or preserve its genetic resource,it is suggested that the most individuals in the population should be selected as we can.

研究结果表明：AFLP方法是一种十分有效的检测种群遗传多样性的分子标记，既具有可靠性又有方便高效性；元宝山冷杉种群的遗传多样性水平很低，种群内各个个体间的相似性系数很大，遗传关系很近，无明显的遗传分化，这说明该种群的适应能力差、进化潜力有限，濒危程度很高；若要保护或保存这个物种的遗传资源，建议应该选择种群内尽可能多的个体进行保护。

On this basis, according to historical data, apply ANN and differential simulation method to get the quantitatively correlative relations between each production and its own influence factors, and introduce the new methods of prediction for dynamic indexes with gas-field development (The combinatorial prediction method based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, the method of ANN to select optimally combinatorial prediction models and the ANN prediction method based on genetic algorithm).(2) Base on mathematical programming, combine with quantitative economics and techno-economics, introduce economical indexes to establish production"s distribution optimal model, production"s constitution optimal model and measured production"s constitution optimal model, including multi-objective models and five-years models. Upon this, the optimal project for all gas field and each gas-collected factory can be got. Also, introduce the time value of capitals to improve on these models.(3) Base on the optimal solution theory and algorithm theory for the nonlinear programming problem, introduce the SUMT algorithm and genetic algorithm to study how to solve the models, and on the basis of normal genetic algorithm, make use of auto-adaptively modulating method to improve on normal genetic algorithm; Base on algorithm"s convergence theory and calculation"s complexity theory to analyze seriatim SUMT algorithm"s convergence and genetic algorithms convergence, and compare performance with each other.

在此基础上，利用神经网络方法和微分模拟方法根据历史数据得到各分项产量与其影响因素之间的定量关联关系，并引入气田开发动态指标新的预测方法(基于模糊综合评判的组合预测方法、神经网络优选组合预测模型预测方法以及基于遗传优化的神经网络预测方法)；(2)以数学规划为基础，结合数量经济学和技术经济学，引入经济指标建立产量分配优化模型、产量构成优化模型、措施产量构成优化模型、气田开发多目标规划模型以及五年规划模型，进而获得全气田及各采气厂的最优方案，并引入资金时间价值对五年规划模型进行改进；(3)以非线性规划问题的最优解及算法理论为基础，引入SUMT算法以及遗传算法对模型的求解进行研究，并在原有的遗传算法基础上，引入自适应调整方法对遗传算法进行改进；以算法的收敛性理论和计算复杂性理论为基础，逐一分析SUMT算法以及遗传算法的收敛性，并比较三种算法的优劣性。

The results showed that the average heterozygosity was higher in 9 populations,the lowest is Jinding, the highest is San sheldrake, which ranged from 0.5137~0.6055. The average heterozygosity of 9 duck populations was 0.5523, which reflected the rich diversity. Considerable breed differentiation was observed and 25.65% of the total genetic variation came from breed differences, this result affirmed each breed was of own genetic diversity. The DA genetic distances suggested the longer differentiation existed between those breeds. The domestic duck breeds in East China were clustered into four groups based on the NJ clustering, the clustering results had some relationship with the distributions and economic utilizations of these duck breeds.

结果表明：9个品种的平均杂合度都较高，最低的为金定鸭，最高的为山麻鸭，杂合度范围为0.5137～0.6055，群体平均杂合度为0.5523，反映了各鸭种的杂合度都较高，遗传多样性丰富；华东区各鸭种间存在较大的遗传分化，25.65%的遗传变异来源于品种间的差异，更进一步反映了各品种具有本品种特征特性的多样性；通过计算DA遗传距离发现各群体的遗传距离较远，分化时间较长；NJ聚类结果将华东区家鸭资源聚为4类，NJ的聚类结果分析与几个鸭品种的地域分布和经济用途有一定关系。

Based on the framework of the Alife evolutionary model, we proposed two different models according to Lamarck direct evolution and Baldwin effect. They are called genetic controlled evolutionary reinforced model and autonomous genetic reinforced model, both of which embodied in the mutual effect of learning and evolution.

在基于遗传算法的人工生命进化模型的结构框架下，分别依据Lamarck直接遗传方式和Baldwin效应间接遗传方式两种不同的遗传行为方式，设计了遗传监视进化强化模型和自律遗传强化模型两种不同风格的进化模型，它们都有效地体现了学习和进化之间的双向作用关系。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。