道德规范

In traditional society, the value standard intension of"justice"is the location set of family subject of blood relationship in the human relation with grade order,"act according to the location"become the moral requirement of this kind of human relations set; in modern society, the equal set of human relation in market becomes the new norm requirement or the intension of"justice"of the contract relation, and this asks character of affiance to set moral backing for this human relation.

在传统社会中，"义"的价值规范的内涵是家庭血缘主体的差序人伦设定，"安伦尽分"成为这种人伦设定的道德要求；在现代社会中，市场中的平等人伦设定成为契约交往的新的规范要求或"义"的内涵，并要求信用品质对这一人伦设定予以道德支持。

With study on ultimate differences of immoral behavior, common misconduct and the crime, and according to the criterion of deciding a crime and punishment by laws, the essential characteristics of a crime in Criminal Law is the prohibition of crimina...

而从刑法作为行为规范和裁判规范的特点来看，从贯彻罪刑法定原则的要求出发，从不道德行为，一般违法行为与犯罪行为的根本区别上考察，刑法意义上的犯罪的本质特征只能是刑法规范禁止性。

Historically speaking, in accordance with the three phases of collective subjectivity, individual subjectivity, and species subjectivity, there have been three moral patterns ---- normative ethics, individual subjective morality, and discourse ethics, corresponding to which are three moral education patterns respectively of didacticism, individual subjectivity, and communication.

历史地看，与人类社会发展的三个阶段--群体主体、个人主体和类主体相一致，依次也有三种不同的道德范型：规范伦理、个人主体道德和商谈伦理，与这三种道德范型对应的道德教育范型分别是灌输式的、个人主体式的、交往式的。

Accordingly, the two-way establishment of self-discipline and heteronomy is the fundamental avenue to the construction of civil morality in our country at present.

从道德实践的层面上说，道德作为调整人与人之间、人与社会、人与自然之间相互关系的行为规范，其实现的途径应将内省式自我约束和外在的社会约束方式结合起来，道德人格的培养也需要在自律与他律的矛盾运动过程中实现。

From May 4th Movement of 1919 to the 1920s, sex love narrations in Chinese novels were rather an enlightenment and liberation in that particular era with four characteristics. Firstly, sexual desire was endowed with rationality with regard to liberation of human nature and mutual love. Secondly, with an epochal concern for a stronger and superior race, greater attention was paid to sexual parties concerned, mainly physically. Thirdly, new ethics on sex were promoted in that personal freedom on sex love was emphasized and sex love became an important way of self-fulfillment. Therefore, independence of sex love was advocated and the scope of sex love was also widened. Fourthly, the sex consciousness of this period had the mixed features of the past and the contemporary. Sex love narrations in the 1930s and 1940s showed a further exploration on the theme of human nature. First of all, sex was restored to a kind of desire. ShenCongwen probed the importance of harmonious sex love to a sound personality and Shi Zhecunrevealed that sexual inhibition could lead to the distortion, even frenzy of human nature. Bothexplored the influence and functions of sexual desire as human nature upon human personality,giving prominence to the irresistibleness of sexual desire and the significance of sexual desire asa motive. Then, human bodies driven by sexual desire were described and given greater attentionto. Next, ethics on sex were deconstructed either by Shen Congwen who opposed man-madeethics with law of nature and the School of New Sensation who replaced traditional ethics on sexwith exchange rules in consumption, or by Shi Zhecun who spared no efforts in representing thecomplete failure of social rules, including ethics on sex, due to the impact from sexual desire.The direct effect was a paleness of the ethical binding force on sex. Last, sex consciousness inthe works of female writers emerged. In the early works of Ding Ling, the sexual desire of thefemale is no longer a ramification of emotion but an independent one. In addition, in the sex lovenarrations of other female writers, such as Mei Niang, strong self-consciousness on the socialstatus of the female is also reflected. Sex love narrations in the late 1970s and early 1980s wereactually a re-enlightenment in the spirit of humanism, whose major features include humanisticlegitimation of sex love within the boundary of ethics, a blend of sex love narrations withnational concepts and national myths as well as the aesthetic, poetic descriptions of humanbodies etc. In the middle and late 1980s, sex love narrations entered a stage of exploration forpluralism. First, by restoration of sexual desire, writers of this era restored human nature, thevery original state of human being. Different emphasis and tendencies could be seen in differentwriters: looking at sex love dialectically and trying to describe its creative as well as destructivecharacteristics; connecting sex love with violence and trying to reveal the evil side of humannature through it; emphasizing the creativeness of sex love especially in the heritage of"wildness".

从"五四"到20世纪20年代，中国小说的性爱叙事是一种处在时代夹缝中的启蒙和解放，其所表现出来的特点，一是正面赋予性欲望以合理性，这种合理性是在人性解放和爱情前提下获得的；二是在强种育种的时代焦虑影响下小说性爱叙事表现出对物质身体的关注，其焦点主要在体格方面；三是树立起新的性伦理道德观念，表现为强调在性爱问题上的个人选择自由，性爱成为个人自我实现的重要方式，从而赋予人在性爱问题上的独立性，同时还扩大了性爱表现的领域；四，这个时期小说性爱叙事中所表现出的性意识还具有新旧杂糅的特点。30、40年代小说性爱叙事表现出对人性主题的深化与丌拓，首先是把性还原为欲望本身来探索，沈从文从和谐性爱对健全人性的决定作用、施蛰存从性压抑会导致人性扭曲甚至疯狂的角度探讨作为人类本质性欲望的性对人性产生的影响和作用，突出了性欲力量的不可抗拒和作为人类行为的重要动力等方面的内容；其次在叙事中表现出对欲望化了的身体的描绘与关注；第三是解构了性的伦理道德，无论是沈从文以自然法则来反对人为的道德设置还是新感觉派用消费交换原则替代传统性伦理道德，或是施蛰存极力表现包括性伦理规范在内的社会法则在性欲力量冲击下溃不成军，其直接的效果都是使性伦理道德对人的约束力量显得苍白虚弱；第四，出现了由女性作家表现的女性性意识，在丁玲的早期作品中女性的性欲望不再是作为感情的衍生物而是独立的欲望存在，而在梅娘等其他女作家的小说性爱叙事中则表现出对女性社会地位的强烈自觉意识。70年代末80年代初期小说的性爱叙事实际上是在人道主义语境下的再次启蒙，其主要特征一是性爱在人道主义前提下获得合法性，但要求性爱不超出伦理规定的范围；再就是将性爱叙事同国家观念和民族神话相融合；此外还有对身体的描写审美化诗意化等。80年代中后期，小说性爱叙事进入了多元化探索的阶段，作家通过还原性欲望来还原人性、还原人类的本真状态，不同作家笔下表现为不同的侧重和倾向——以辨证的方式看待性爱，写出其具有的创造性力量和毁灭性特征；将性爱与暴力相联系并通过其来表现人性的黑暗；强调性爱的创造性作用，尤其在民族"血性"的传承方面。

This theory had three main parts. First, based on the DIT, they rectified the DIT1 and constructed the DIT2. Second, in accordance with the factor analysis on the responses to the DIT, they postulated three moral schemas (the personal interest schema, the maintaining norm schema and the postconventional schema) instead of stages with distinct justice operations. Third, in light of the double classification(the moral schema predominance and the moral schema mixture), they produced six moral types.

它主要有三部分内容：第一，莱斯特等人以确定问题测验为方法基础，着手对最初的确定问题测验版本(DIT1)进行修订，形成了新的确定问题测验版本(DIT2)；第二，他们在对大量的DIT反应进行因素分析的基础上，得出三个道德图式，即个人利益图式、保持规范图式和后习俗图式，由此将科尔伯格的阶段论改造为道德图式论；第三，莱斯特等人根据道德图式在人们头脑中的优势及其混合两种分类标准，将个体分为六种类型，建构了道德类型论。

This theory had three main parts.First, based on the DIT, they rectifed the DIT1 and constructed the DIT2. Second, in accordancewith the factor analysis on the responses to the DIT, they postulated three moral schemas (thepersonal interest schema, the maintaining norm schema and the postconventional schema) insteadof stages with distinct justice operations.'Third, in light of the double classification(the moralschema predominance and the moral schema mixture), they produced six moral types.

它主要有三部分内容：第一，莱斯特等人以确定问题测验为方法基础，着手对最初的确定问题测验版本进行修订，形成了新的确定问题测验版本(DIT2 )：第二，他们在对大量的DIT反应进行因素分析的基础上，得出三个道德图式，即个人利益图式、保持规范图式和后习俗图式，由此将科尔伯格的阶段论改造为道德图式论：第三，莱斯特等人根据道德图式在人们头脑中的优势及其混合两种分类标准，将个体分为六种类型，建构了道德类型论。

Owing to the dislocation of moral education in the past and the reverse effect of the market economy at present, the education of moral quality of young collegers is hard to adapt the new circumstances.

由于过去道德教育的错位和目前市场经济的负面影响，青年大学生的道德品质教育难以适应新的形势发展，必须从社会主体文化建设、个体道德人格建设和道德行为规范等几个方面着手校正

From May 4th Movement of 1919 to the 1920s, sex love narrations in Chinese novels were rather an enlightenment and liberation in that particular era with four characteristics. Firstly, sexual desire was endowed with rationality with regard to liberation of human nature and mutual love. Secondly, with an epochal concern for a stronger and superior race, greater attention was paid to sexual parties concerned, mainly physically. Thirdly, new ethics on sex were promoted in that personal freedom on sex love was emphasized and sex love became an important way of self-fulfillment. Therefore, independence of sex love was advocated and the scope of sex love was also widened. Fourthly, the sex consciousness of this period had the mixed features of the past and the contemporary. Sex love narrations in the 1930s and 1940s showed a further exploration on the theme of human nature. First of all, sex was restored to a kind of desire. ShenCongwen probed the importance of harmonious sex love to a sound personality and Shi Zhecunrevealed that sexual inhibition could lead to the distortion, even frenzy of human nature. Bothexplored the influence and functions of sexual desire as human nature upon human personality,giving prominence to the irresistibleness of sexual desire and the significance of sexual desire asa motive. Then, human bodies driven by sexual desire were described and given greater attentionto. Next, ethics on sex were deconstructed either by Shen Congwen who opposed man-madeethics with law of nature and the School of New Sensation who replaced traditional ethics on sexwith exchange rules in consumption, or by Shi Zhecun who spared no efforts in representing thecomplete failure of social rules, including ethics on sex, due to the impact from sexual desire.The direct effect was a paleness of the ethical binding force on sex. Last, sex consciousness inthe works of female writers emerged. In the early works of Ding Ling, the sexual desire of thefemale is no longer a ramification of emotion but an independent one. In addition, in the sex lovenarrations of other female writers, such as Mei Niang, strong self-consciousness on the socialstatus of the female is also reflected. Sex love narrations in the late 1970s and early 1980s wereactually a re-enlightenment in the spirit of humanism, whose major features include humanisticlegitimation of sex love within the boundary of ethics, a blend of sex love narrations withnational concepts and national myths as well as the aesthetic, poetic descriptions of humanbodies etc. In the middle and late 1980s, sex love narrations entered a stage of exploration forpluralism. First, by restoration of sexual desire, writers of this era restored human nature, thevery original state of human being. Different emphasis and tendencies could be seen in differentwriters: looking at sex love dialectically and trying to describe its creative as well as destructivecharacteristics; connecting sex love with violence and trying to reveal the evil side of humannature through it; emphasizing the creativeness of sex love especially in the heritage of"wildness".

从&五四&到20世纪20年代，中国小说的性爱叙事是一种处在时代夹缝中的启蒙和解放，其所表现出来的特点，一是正面赋予性欲望以合理性，这种合理性是在人性解放和爱情前提下获得的；二是在强种育种的时代焦虑影响下小说性爱叙事表现出对物质身体的关注，其焦点主要在体格方面；三是树立起新的性伦理道德观念，表现为强调在性爱问题上的个人选择自由，性爱成为个人自我实现的重要方式，从而赋予人在性爱问题上的独立性，同时还扩大了性爱表现的领域；四，这个时期小说性爱叙事中所表现出的性意识还具有新旧杂糅的特点。30、40年代小说性爱叙事表现出对人性主题的深化与丌拓，首先是把性还原为欲望本身来探索，沈从文从和谐性爱对健全人性的决定作用、施蛰存从性压抑会导致人性扭曲甚至疯狂的角度探讨作为人类本质性欲望的性对人性产生的影响和作用，突出了性欲力量的不可抗拒和作为人类行为的重要动力等方面的内容；其次在叙事中表现出对欲望化了的身体的描绘与关注；第三是解构了性的伦理道德，无论是沈从文以自然法则来反对人为的道德设置还是新感觉派用消费交换原则替代传统性伦理道德，或是施蛰存极力表现包括性伦理规范在内的社会法则在性欲力量冲击下溃不成军，其直接的效果都是使性伦理道德对人的约束力量显得苍白虚弱；第四，出现了由女性作家表现的女性性意识，在丁玲的早期作品中女性的性欲望不再是作为感情的衍生物而是独立的欲望存在，而在梅娘等其他女作家的小说性爱叙事中则表现出对女性社会地位的强烈自觉意识。70年代末80年代初期小说的性爱叙事实际上是在人道主义语境下的再次启蒙，其主要特征一是性爱在人道主义前提下获得合法性，但要求性爱不超出伦理规定的范围；再就是将性爱叙事同国家观念和民族神话相融合；此外还有对身体的描写审美化诗意化等。80年代中后期，小说性爱叙事进入了多元化探索的阶段，作家通过还原性欲望来还原人性、还原人类的本真状态，不同作家笔下表现为不同的侧重和倾向——以辨证的方式看待性爱，写出其具有的创造性力量和毁灭性特征；将性爱与暴力相联系并通过其来表现人性的黑暗；强调性爱的创造性作用，尤其在民族&血性&的传承方面。

Objections on system criterion of citizen morality in China. This part based on concrete practice on system criterion of citizen morality in China, has analyzed the main disadvantage list below: 1, absence of special regulation; 2, regulation is not idiographic enough; 3, ensure framework is not enough healthiness; 4, some "vacuum belts" still exist.

我国公民道德的制度规范存在的缺陷主要以我国公民道德的制度规范的具体实践为根据，分析了其目前存在的主要缺陷：1、缺乏专门性规定；2、规定不够具体化；3、保障机制不够健全；4、还存在某些&真空地带&。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。