道德

In terms of teachers' moral behaviors, we should distinguish between their moral and amoral behaviors, between moral and immoral behaviors.

就教师的道德行为来说，需要我们正确认识教师的道德行为和非道德行为、教师的有道德行为和不道德行为等问题。

Two conditions: the loss of moral certainty and the shift of the moral world fro m apriorism to reality.

从康 德和黑格尔对道德世界主观性的审查看，道德世界观的转变有赖于两个条件：道德确实性之丧失、道德世界从先验预设转向生活世界。

On the basis of succeeding our predeceases' scientific experience in moral teaching, this research report, through repeated discussions and practice, expounds the content and requirement of the moral enlightment education in maths teaching in primary schools and establishes the modals for classroom teaching so as to cultivate pupils' moral quality, moral ability and moral kehavior.

在继承前人学科教学实施道德教育的基础上，通过研讨和实践，明确小学数学教学中道德启蒙教育的内容及要求，构建课堂教学模式，从而达到促进培养小学生道德品质、道德能力、道德行为习惯的目的。

Main moral supply depends on current, to be politics, economy, and social culture inside information, ways to propagandizing infusion.

每当社会中的道德&供给&与道德&需求&平衡，社会的道德状况就是理想的，而当道德&供给&小于道德&需求&、道

As far as moral education is concerned, Noddings doubts the cognitive pattern of moral education dominated by scientism, cognitivism, and male-centered cultural tradition. Her caring moral education theory stresses the respect for each student's life, the emphasis on students' feeling and experiencing, the highlighting of teachers' function as caring models, and the insistence in practicing; meanwhile, her theory has raised four approaches to moral education, namely, modeling, dialogue, practice, and confirmation.

就道德教育而言，她质疑受科学主义、唯认知主义和男性中心文化传统支配的道德认知教育模式，她的关怀道德教育理论强调对学生生命的尊重、对学生体验和感受的重视、教师的榜样作用和道德教育的实践性特征，同时以现象学的方法细致探讨了道德教育的四种方法：以身作则、对话、实践和认可。

As far as moral education is concerned, Noddings doubts the cognitive pattern of education of morality dominated by scientism, cognitivism, and male-centered cultural tradition. Her caring moral education theory stresses the respect for each student"s life, the emphasis on students" feeling and experiencing, the highlighting of teachers function as caring models, and the insistence in practicing; meanwhile, her theory has raised four approaches to moral education, namely, modeling, dialogue, practice, and confirmation.

就道德教育而言，她质疑受科学主义、唯认知主义和男性中心文化传统支配的道德认知教育模式，她的关怀道德教育理论强调对学生生命的尊重、对学生体验和感受的重视、教师的榜样作用和道德教育的实践性特征，同时以现象学的方法细致探讨了道德教育的四种方法：以身作则、对话、实践和认可。

From May 4th Movement of 1919 to the 1920s, sex love narrations in Chinese novels were rather an enlightenment and liberation in that particular era with four characteristics. Firstly, sexual desire was endowed with rationality with regard to liberation of human nature and mutual love. Secondly, with an epochal concern for a stronger and superior race, greater attention was paid to sexual parties concerned, mainly physically. Thirdly, new ethics on sex were promoted in that personal freedom on sex love was emphasized and sex love became an important way of self-fulfillment. Therefore, independence of sex love was advocated and the scope of sex love was also widened. Fourthly, the sex consciousness of this period had the mixed features of the past and the contemporary. Sex love narrations in the 1930s and 1940s showed a further exploration on the theme of human nature. First of all, sex was restored to a kind of desire. ShenCongwen probed the importance of harmonious sex love to a sound personality and Shi Zhecunrevealed that sexual inhibition could lead to the distortion, even frenzy of human nature. Bothexplored the influence and functions of sexual desire as human nature upon human personality,giving prominence to the irresistibleness of sexual desire and the significance of sexual desire asa motive. Then, human bodies driven by sexual desire were described and given greater attentionto. Next, ethics on sex were deconstructed either by Shen Congwen who opposed man-madeethics with law of nature and the School of New Sensation who replaced traditional ethics on sexwith exchange rules in consumption, or by Shi Zhecun who spared no efforts in representing thecomplete failure of social rules, including ethics on sex, due to the impact from sexual desire.The direct effect was a paleness of the ethical binding force on sex. Last, sex consciousness inthe works of female writers emerged. In the early works of Ding Ling, the sexual desire of thefemale is no longer a ramification of emotion but an independent one. In addition, in the sex lovenarrations of other female writers, such as Mei Niang, strong self-consciousness on the socialstatus of the female is also reflected. Sex love narrations in the late 1970s and early 1980s wereactually a re-enlightenment in the spirit of humanism, whose major features include humanisticlegitimation of sex love within the boundary of ethics, a blend of sex love narrations withnational concepts and national myths as well as the aesthetic, poetic descriptions of humanbodies etc. In the middle and late 1980s, sex love narrations entered a stage of exploration forpluralism. First, by restoration of sexual desire, writers of this era restored human nature, thevery original state of human being. Different emphasis and tendencies could be seen in differentwriters: looking at sex love dialectically and trying to describe its creative as well as destructivecharacteristics; connecting sex love with violence and trying to reveal the evil side of humannature through it; emphasizing the creativeness of sex love especially in the heritage of"wildness".

从&五四&到20世纪20年代，中国小说的性爱叙事是一种处在时代夹缝中的启蒙和解放，其所表现出来的特点，一是正面赋予性欲望以合理性，这种合理性是在人性解放和爱情前提下获得的；二是在强种育种的时代焦虑影响下小说性爱叙事表现出对物质身体的关注，其焦点主要在体格方面；三是树立起新的性伦理道德观念，表现为强调在性爱问题上的个人选择自由，性爱成为个人自我实现的重要方式，从而赋予人在性爱问题上的独立性，同时还扩大了性爱表现的领域；四，这个时期小说性爱叙事中所表现出的性意识还具有新旧杂糅的特点。30、40年代小说性爱叙事表现出对人性主题的深化与丌拓，首先是把性还原为欲望本身来探索，沈从文从和谐性爱对健全人性的决定作用、施蛰存从性压抑会导致人性扭曲甚至疯狂的角度探讨作为人类本质性欲望的性对人性产生的影响和作用，突出了性欲力量的不可抗拒和作为人类行为的重要动力等方面的内容；其次在叙事中表现出对欲望化了的身体的描绘与关注；第三是解构了性的伦理道德，无论是沈从文以自然法则来反对人为的道德设置还是新感觉派用消费交换原则替代传统性伦理道德，或是施蛰存极力表现包括性伦理规范在内的社会法则在性欲力量冲击下溃不成军，其直接的效果都是使性伦理道德对人的约束力量显得苍白虚弱；第四，出现了由女性作家表现的女性性意识，在丁玲的早期作品中女性的性欲望不再是作为感情的衍生物而是独立的欲望存在，而在梅娘等其他女作家的小说性爱叙事中则表现出对女性社会地位的强烈自觉意识。70年代末80年代初期小说的性爱叙事实际上是在人道主义语境下的再次启蒙，其主要特征一是性爱在人道主义前提下获得合法性，但要求性爱不超出伦理规定的范围；再就是将性爱叙事同国家观念和民族神话相融合；此外还有对身体的描写审美化诗意化等。80年代中后期，小说性爱叙事进入了多元化探索的阶段，作家通过还原性欲望来还原人性、还原人类的本真状态，不同作家笔下表现为不同的侧重和倾向——以辨证的方式看待性爱，写出其具有的创造性力量和毁灭性特征；将性爱与暴力相联系并通过其来表现人性的黑暗；强调性爱的创造性作用，尤其在民族&血性&的传承方面。

After the end of the World War Ⅱ, both countries were forced by the United States to abolish the subject of self-perfecting and to introduce the social subject as the vehicle for the moral education.

本文以为，道德冲突主要表现为：传统道德与西方道德的冲突；社会主义道德与西方道德的冲突。

It can be divided into different kinds from different point of view .In this paper, we classify it into several types from three angle, among these, one is the standpoint and attitude to the system of a certain social morality that the moral personality embodies; another is the moral state of moral subject; and the other is the self-perfecting and the healthy condition of moral personality.

从不同的角度可以对它进行不同划分，本文从道德人格所体现的对一定社会道德体系的立场和态度、道德主体的道德境界高低以及道德人格的自身完善和健康状况等三个角度将其划分为多种类型。

The other concerns the means suggested for educating this person and rational for the recommended means. Basing on the philosophical theory of the relationship between knowledge and morality and the fact that efforts inmany countries engaged in a direct training of the will disregard students intellectual development, Maritain not discusses the direct and indirect moral formation but makes an important distinction between the educational tasks of school and those of family and church.

以知识与道德关系为理论基础并以各国进行的直接的意志训练而漠视了智力发展的事实为依据，马里坦具体论述了道德的直接形成和道德的间接形成两种道德教育方法，并在学校与家庭、教堂在道德教育上的作用作了重要区分。

No clear conclusions can be made about the predictie alidity of specific measures, they found, except for criteria for the underuse of drugs for cardioascular disease.

除了心血管病不合理用药标准外，对于特定评价方法的预测效度没有明确的结论。

The third and last is that almost all of them, being infinite in number, have been impostures, and by idle and crafty brains merely contrived and feigned after the event past.

第三、即最后一点是：几乎所有这些不胜枚举的预言都是欺人之谈，都是在事件过后由无聊而狡猾的脑筋推测与凭空捏造的。